tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11976941812869583982024-02-01T18:47:33.327-08:00chemistry all about you and mekel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-24359412046538657132012-12-06T22:40:00.002-08:002012-12-13T08:17:43.226-08:00GOLONGAN VA<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berasal
dari kata Latin: <i>arsenicum. </i>Yunani: arsenikon, orpiment kuning, identik
dengan arenikos, lelaki, dari kepercayaan Yunani bahwa logam memiliki kelamin
yang berbeda; Arab: Az-zernikh, orpiment dari Persia zerni-zar, emas). <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Ditemukan pada tahun 1250 oleh Albertus
Magnus.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelimpahan </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerak bumi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 1,8 ppm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permukaan Atlantik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1,45 x 10 <sup>-3 </sup>ppm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atlantik bagian dalam<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1,53 x 10 <sup>-3</sup> ppm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permukaan Pasifik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1,45 x 10<sup>-3</sup> ppm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasifik bagian dalam<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 1,75 x 10 <sup>-3</sup> ppm</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsen
diperoleh sebagai As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> pada cerobong asap dari
pemanggangan CuS, PbS, FeS, CoS, dan NiS dalam udara. Dunia memproduksi As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
kira-kira 50000 ton pada 1988. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> 1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3.1
Sifat fisik </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsen merupakan unsur </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">metalloid
(amfoter), padatan berwarna abu-abu perak, sangat mengkilap (dapat buram oleh
adanya udara). Arsen memiliki dua bentuk alotropi lainnya yaitu arsen kuning
dan arsen hitam mengkilap tetapi arsen abu-abu lebih stabil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai
jari-jari kovalen sebesar 1,21 Å. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Energy
ionisasi 1 = 947. Energy ionisasi 2 = 1950. Energy ionisasi 3 = 2732.
Elektronegativitas Pauling = 2,0. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melting
point = 816°C. Boiling point = 615°C</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa
atom = 74,9216. Massa jenis = 5,78 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilangan
oksidasi = -3, +3, +5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersifat
racun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level3 lfo6; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
kimia </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat kimia arsen dapat langsung
bereaksi dengan halogen, dan bila dipanaskan akan teroksidasi cepat menjadi
arsen(III)oksida yang berbau bawang putih. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kereaktifan
arsen yaitu arsen stabil dalam udara kering, tetapi memudar dalam udara basah, memberi
pertama sebuah perunggu yang pada waktu itu sebuah bercak hitam. Ketika
dipanaskan dalam udara menyublim 615°C dan membentuk As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>bukan
As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>. Pemanasan yang kuat dalam oksigen dapat
memberikan salah satu dari oksida, tergantung pada jumlah oksigen yang ada. Keengganan
untuk mencapai keadaan oksidasi maksimum dari satu golongan yaitu dalam unsure
Ga, As, Se dan Br dalam unsure ini dengan segera dpaat mengisi kulit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d</i> pertama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrida
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan hidrida membentuk AsH<sub>3
</sub>yang disebut dengan arsin. AsH<sub>3</sub> dapat dipersiapkan oleh
hidrolisis senyawa logam biner seperti Zn<sub>3</sub>As<sub>2</sub>, Mg<sub>3</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>,
atau Mg<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2 </sub>dengan air atau asam cair. AsH<sub>3</sub>
dibentuk dalam tes Marsh untuk senyawa As. Sebelum menggunakan analisis instrument
tes ini digunakan dalam sebuah tes forensic. AsH<sub>3</sub> lebih stabil
dibanding dengan SbH<sub>3</sub> sehingga memerlukan pemanasan yang kuat untuk
membentuk dekomposisi. Selanjutnya AsH<sub>3</sub> memberikan sebuah cermin
setelah bernyala. Hidrida ini merupakan agen reduksi kuat dan reaksi dengan
pelarut ion logam membentuk arsenide. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AsH<sub>3</sub>
mempunyai melting point -116,3; boiling point -62,4. Energy ikatan As-H = 247.
Sudut ikat H-As-H = 91°48’ dan jarak ikatan 1,519 Å. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trihalide<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsen bereaksi dengan trihalida membentuk
AsCl<sub>3</sub>. Trihalida mempunyai tipe dapat mengalami reaksi hidrolisis
dengan air, tetapi produk dapat berubah tergantung dari unsure:</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AsCl<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3HCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentahalida
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa arsen pentahalida yaitu AsF<sub>5</sub>
dan AsCl<sub>5</sub>. AsCl<sub>5</sub> sangat reaktif dan tidak stabil dan
hanya ada sementara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
yang menghasilkan senyawa arsen pentahalida </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10F<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>4AsF<sub>5</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3O<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksida
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub> diperoleh
dari pembakaran logam dalam udara atau oksigen, kurang aktif unuk membentuk
oksida tinggi. Pemanasan mineral sulfide As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub> atau As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>
dalam udara juga memberikan As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6. </sub>As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>sangat
beracun dan dapat larut dalam air. As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub> bersifat amfoter
ketika bereaksi dengan alkali, membentuk arsenic. Dahulu, berbagai tembaga
arsenit digunakan sebagai pigmen hijau <span style="color: black;">mengkilap</span>.
Dikenal dengan baik hijau Scheel Cu<sub>2</sub>As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> dan
hijau Paris [(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)Cu<sub>2</sub>(AsO<sub>3</sub>)]. As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
dapat bereaksi dengan asam dan basa. Berikut reaksinya</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>6H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>12HCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4AsCl<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsen pentaoksida merupakan dimer dan mempunyai
bentuk As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> bukan As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>.
Struktur ini diperoleh dari As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. Setiap atom As
membentuk tiga ikatan untuk atom O. Lima electron pada kulit terluar dari
sebuah atom As. Tiga electron digunakan dalam ikatan, dan dua electron
merupakan pasangan electron bebas,yang diletakkan di luar dari unit
tetrahedral. Dalam As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> lone pair pada setiap atom As
membentuk sebuah ikatan koordinat untuk sebuah atom oksigen. Tetapi kristalnya
mengandung nomor yang sama dari [AsO<sub>6</sub>] tetrahedral dan [AsO<sub>6</sub>]
octahedral yang ikut untuk berbagi sudut. As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub> adalah
agen oksidasi kuat dan oksidasi HCl untuk Cl<sub>2</sub>. As dan Sb membutuhkan
oksidasi lebih drastic oleh padatan HNO<sub>3</sub> untuk membentuk
pentaoksida. As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> dan Sb<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>
kehilangan oksigen ketika dipanaskan dan membentuk trioksida. As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>larut perlahan dalam air, membnetuk
asam arsenic H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub>. Senyawa ini merupakan asam kuat
daripada asam arsenius. Garam seperti timah arsenat PbHAsO<sub>4</sub> dan
kalsium arsenat Ca<sub>3</sub>(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> digunakan sebagai
pelawan belalang, kumbang dan ngengat buah. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsen memiliki ikatan kovalen,
contoh AsH<sub>3</sub> memiliki bilangan koordinasi atom pusat 4 dengan 3
pasangan electron ikatan dan 1 pasangan electron bebas. Berdasarkan teori VSEPR
molekul AsH<sub>3</sub> berbentuk trigonal pyramidal dengan besarnya sudut
ikatan H-As-H sekitar 107,3° (sudut ikatan pada NH<sub>3</sub>). Hasil
eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa berat molekul dari AsH<sub>3</sub> adalah trigonal
pyramidal tetap besar sudut ikatan H-As-H mendekati 90°. Hal ini menunjukkan
bahwa dalam pembentukan ikatan As-H atom pusat menggunakan orbital <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">p</i>, sedangkan pasangan electron bebas
menempati orbital <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">s </i>dari atom pusat
yang secara stereokimia tidak aktif dalam pembentukan ikatan kovalen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pembentukan ikatan As-H,
electron-elektron pada orbital-orbital 4p<sub>x</sub>, 4p<sub>y</sub>, dan 4p<sub>z</sub>
dari atom As berpasangan dengan electron pada orbital 1s dari atom-atom H,
sedangkan pasangan electron bebas menempati orbital 4s dari atom As.
Berdasarkan orbital-orbital atom As yang digunakan pada pembentukan ikatan
sseharusnya sudut ikatan H-As-H adalah 90°, akan tetapi adanya tolakan antara
inti-inti dari atom-atom hydrogen menyebabkan membesarnya sudut ikatan tersebut
menjadi 92.1(1)° (Effendy,2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persenyawaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa As secara komersial oleh
pemanasan arsenide seperti NiAs, NiAs<sub>2</sub>, atau FeAs<sub>2</sub>, atau
arsenopirit FeAsS, kira-kira 700°C dalam keadaan kurang udara, ketika As keluar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
FeAsS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As<sub>4</sub>(g) + 4 FeS</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa arsen umumnya dibentuk dari
As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsen terutama digunakan sebagai
racun tikus, dalam ilmu kesehatan untuk membunuh parasit, dan untuk kayu
menjadi busuk, semuanya timbul dari racun alami. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> dan H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub>
digunakan sebagai agen oksidasi dalam analisis volumetric.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arsen digunakan dalam pembuatan
perunggu dan kembang api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. ANTIMONY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Sejarah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Yunani: <i>anti plus
monos,</i> logam yang tidak ditemukan sendiri). Antimon telah diketahui dalam
berbagai senyawa sejak zaman kuno. Ia juga diketahui sebagai logam pada awal
abad ke-17.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2Sumber</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur ini tidak banyak,
tetapi ditemukan dalam 100 spesies mineral. Kadang-kadang ditemukan sendiri,
tetapi lebih sering sebagai <i>sulfide stibnit<b>e</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Kelimpahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bijih utama antimony
(stibium) yaitu stibnite Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>yang banyak dijumpai
dijumpai di Mexico, Bolivia, Afrika Selatan dan Cina. Dijumpai juga valentinit
(Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) yang dikenal sebagai stibium putih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b>2.4 Sifat-sifat</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.1 Sifat Fisika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimoni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan konduktor panas dan listrik yang
buruk. Antimon dan banyak senyawanya sangat beracun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 7.1pt 4.0cm 411.1pt 418.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk : padat pada suhu
298 K</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 7.1pt 4.0cm 411.1pt 418.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna : Silver</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 7.1pt 4.0cm 411.1pt 418.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik didih : 1860 K</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 7.1pt 4.0cm 411.1pt 418.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titikl eleh : 903.78 K </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 7.1pt 4.0cm 411.1pt 418.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Densitas : 6.697 g/ cm<sup>3</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Massa atom = 121,757. Massa jenis = 6,69
g/cm<sup>3</sup>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sup><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.2<sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>Sifat Kimia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Bereaksi dengan udara
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>4 Sb + 3O<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> ------> </span>Sb<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2.
Bereaksi dengan air </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>4Sb + 6H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> -------></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sb<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>+ 6H<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>3.
Bereaksi dengan asam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 Sb + 6H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> ----------> </span>Sb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
+ 6H<sub>2</sub>O + 3SO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4.
Bereaksi dengan logam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2 Sb + 3 Mg<sup>2+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> ------> </span>Mg<sub>3</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 183.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5
Persenyawaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.1 Hidrida Antimon </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimon membentuk stibin SbH<sub>3 </sub>yang
diperoleh dari:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mg<sub>3</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>
+ 6 HCl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> -------> </span>3 MgCl<sub>2
</sub>+ 2SbH<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrida
ini bersifat basa dan tidak membentuk garam yang analog dengan ammonium dan
posfonium, dan jika diuraikan dengan panas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .2pt; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>2SbH<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> --------> </span>2Sb + 3H<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrida
ini bersifat reduktor yang kuat, mereduksi larutan garam perak beramoniak
menjadi logam perak:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SbH<sub>3</sub> +<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 Ag<sup>+</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> ----------> </span>Ag<sub>3</sub>Sb + 3H<sup>+</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.2 Oksida Antimon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimion trioksida</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimon trioksida disediakan dengan cara memanaskan
antimony atau sulfidanya dalam udara:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4Sb
+ 3O<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> -------->
</span>SbO<sub>6</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimon pentoksida </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimon pentoksida terbentuk dari reaksi antara
antimon dengan asam nitrat pekat: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4Sb
+ 2HNO<sub>3 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">--------> </span>10 H<sub>2</sub>O + Sb<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>
+ 2 NO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5.3 Halida Antimon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trihalida</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimon Trifluorida diperoleh dari penyulingan
antara antimony dengan raksa (II) fluoridea:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3HgF<sub>2</sub>
+ 2Sb<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> ---------> </span>2SbF<sub>3</sub>
+ 3Hg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentahalida</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperoleh dari gas klor yang dialirkan di antimony
triklorida:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SbCl<sub>3</sub>
+ Cl<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">-------> </span>SbCl<sub>5</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.75pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6 Ikatan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan konfigurasi
elektron <span style="color: black;">[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1197694181286958398"><span style="color: #006600;">Kr</span></a>] 4d<sup>10</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> 5p<sup>3</sup>,
unsure antimony mempunyai electron valensi 5, maka unsure antimony cenderung
memenuhi aturan octet, maka unsure antimony kurang 3 elektron dan cenderung
pemakaian electron bersama dan membentuk ikatan kovalen dengan orbital overlap
(tumpang tindih), </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .2pt; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.7 Kelimpahan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kelimpahan
di alam : 0.0004 ppm (by weight)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kelimpahan di matahari : 0.001 ppm (by
weight)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kandungan di meteorit : 0.12 ppm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Di kerak bumi : 0.2 ppm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 10.5pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di
perairan Seawater: 2 x 10<sup>-4</sup> ppm </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .2pt; tab-stops: 0cm 7.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: .2pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.8 Kegunaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Antimon
digunakan di teknologi semikonduktor untuk membuat detektor inframerah, dioda
dan peralatan Hall-effect. Ia dapat meningkatkan kekerasan dan kekuatan timbal.
Baterai, logam anti friksi, senjata ringan dan <i>tracer bullets</i> (peluru
penjejak), pembungkus kabel, dan produk-produk minor lainnya menggunakan
sebagian besar antimon yang diproduksi. Senyawa-senyawa yang mengambil setengah
lainnya adalah oksida, sulfida, natrium antimonat, dan antimon tetraklorida.
Mereka digunakan untuk membuat senyawa tahan api, enamel cat keramik, gelas dan
pot.<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b>3. BISMUT</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.1
Sejarah</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
(Yunani: <i>Weisse
Masse</i>, zat putih. Di kemudian hari disebut Wisuth dan Bisemutum). Pada
masa awalnya, bismut sempat disangka sebagai seng dan timbal. Calude Geoffroy
the Younger menunjukkan bahwa bismut beda dengan timbal pada tahun 1753.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.2
Sumber</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sumber utama dari bismut adalah
yang terdapat dalam keadaan bebas dan bijih sebagai sulfide yang dikenal dengan
nama bismutinit (Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>), bismuth (BiO<sub>3</sub>), serta
bismutit (BiO)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. Negara yang kaya bijih ini Bolivia,
Tasmania, Canada, dan Amerika Serikat. </span></b>Kebanyakan bismut yang
diproduksi di Amerika didapatkan sebagai hasil produksi penyulingan timbal,
tembaga, seng, perak dan bijih emas.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.3
Sifat-sifat</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.3.1 Sifat Fisika</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Unsur ini merupakan kristal putih, logam yang rapuh dengan campuran
sedikit bewarna merah jambu. Ia muncul di alam tersendiri. Bismut merupakan
logam paling diamagnetik, dan konduktor panas yang paling rendah di antara
logam, kecuali raksa. Ia memiliki resitansi listrik yang tinggi dan memiliki
efek Hall yang tertinggi di antara logam (kenaikan yang paling tajam untuk
resistansi listrik jika diletakkan di medan magnet). </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bersifat logam </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Membentuk kristal-kristal besar putih kemerahan </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Radius Atom: 1.7 Å </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Volume Atom: 21.3 cm<sup>3</sup>/mol </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Massa Atom: 208.98 </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Titik Didih: 1837 K </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Radius Kovalensi: 1.46 Å </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Massa Jenis: 9.75 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Konduktivitas Listrik: 0.9 x 10<sup>6</sup> ohm<sup>-1</sup>cm<sup>-1</sup>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Elektronegativitas: 2.02</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Titik Lebur: 544.59 K</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Entalpi Penguapan: 179 kJ/mol</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.3.2
Sifat Kimia</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Reaksi dengan Udara </b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4Bi
+ 3O<sub>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>----------> 2Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Reaksi dengan Air</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2Bi + 3H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> ----------> </span>Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
+ 3H<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Reaksi dengan
Asam </b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2Bi + 6H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> -------> </span>Bi<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
+ 6H<sub>2</sub>O+ 3SO<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. Bereaksi dengan logam Mg</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2Bi + 3Mg<sup>2+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <sub>-------></sub></span></sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mg<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
Kebanyakan
bismut yang diproduksi di Amerika didapatkan sebagai hasil produksi penyulingan
timbal, tembaga, seng, perak dan bijih emas.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.4
Persenyawaan</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 36.0pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Trihidrida :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bismutin (BiH<sub>3</sub>)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 36.0pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oksida
bismut : Bismut trioksida (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 36.0pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bismut
hidroksida : Bi(OH)<sub>3</sub></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 36.0pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¢<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Halida </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Trihalida : Bismut triklorida (BiCl<sub>3</sub>),
Bismut tribromida (BiBr3), Bismut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>triiodida (BiI3)<sub> </sub></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 14.2pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pentahalida : Bismut pentafluorida (BiF<sub>5</sub>)</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.5
Ikatan</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sama halnya dengan antimony,
Bimut dengan konfigurasi electron </span></b><span style="color: black;">[<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1197694181286958398"><span style="color: #006600;">Xe</span></a>] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
6p<sup>3</sup>, maka unsure antimony cenderung memenuhi aturan octet, maka
unsure antimony kurang 3 elektron dan cenderung pemakaian electron bersama dan
membentuk ikatan kovalen dengan orbital overlap (tumpang tindih), </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 36.0pt 72.0pt 108.0pt 144.0pt 180.0pt 216.0pt 252.0pt 288.0pt 324.0pt 360.0pt right 14.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.6
Kelimpahan</b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di alam: 0.0007 ppm (by weight)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Matahari : 0.01 ppm (by weight)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Meteor : 0.07 ppm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kerak bumi: 0.048 ppm</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perairan:</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Permukaan Atlantik: 5.1 x 10<sup>-8</sup> ppm </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Permukaan Pasifik : 4 x 10<sup>-8</sup> ppm </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dasar Pasifik: 4 x 10<sup>-9</sup> ppm </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>3.7 Kegunaan</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
Digunakan sebagai magnet permanen yang terbuat dari MnBi dan diproduksi
oleh US Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismut mengembang 3.22% jika dipadatkan.
Sifat ini membuat campuran logam bismut cocok untuk membuat cetakan tajam
barang-barang yang dapat rusak karena suhu tinggi. Dengan logam lainnya seperti
seng, kadmium, dsb. bismut membentuk campuran logam yang mudah cair yang banyak
digunakan untuk peralatan keselamatan dalam deteksi dan sistim penanggulangan
kebakaran. Bismut digunakan dalam memproduksi besi yang mudah dibentuk. Logam
ini juga digunakan sebagai bahan<i> thermocouple</i>, dan memiliki aplikasi
sebagai pembawa bahan bakar U235 dan U233 dalam reaktor nuklir. Garamnya yang
mudah larut membentuk garam basa yang tidak terlarut jika ditambah air, suatu
sifat yang kadang-kadang digunakan dalam deteksi. Bismut oksiklorida banyak digunakan
di kosmetik. Bismut subnitrat dan subkarbonat diguanakan di bidang kedokteran.</div>
kel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-62481033821640826572012-12-06T22:15:00.001-08:002012-12-13T08:20:40.872-08:00Kecenderungan Golongan IV A<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecenderungan Golongan IV A</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan oksidasi yang umum untuk golongan 4 adalah +4,
ditemukan pada senyawa CCl<sub>4</sub>, SiCl<sub>4</sub> dan SnO<sub>2</sub>.Jika
anda bergerak ke bawah dalam satu golongan, ada banyak contoh dengan keadaan
oksidasi +2, seperti SnCl<sub>2</sub>, PbO, dan Pb<sup>2+</sup>.Pada timah,
keadaan +4 masih lebih stabil dibandingkan +2, tetapi pada timbal, keadaan +2
lebih stabil – dan mendominasi kimia timbal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Pada Kimia Karbon</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh yang umum untuk keadaan oksidasi +2 pada kimia karbon
adalah karbon monoksida, CO. Karbon monoksida merupakan agen pereduksi yang
kuat karena mudah teroksidasi menjadi karbon dioksida – dimana </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keadaan
oksidasinya lebih stabil secara termodinamika yaitu +4.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai contoh, karbon monoksida mereduksi beberapa oksida
logam panas menjadi logam – reaksi ini diterapkan, misalnya, pada ekstraksi
besi dalam blast furnace.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\coba\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; left: 147px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 89px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> +3CO <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> ------> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>2Fe +3CO2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh pada kimia timah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika anda bergerak ke bawah dalam satu golongan sampai pada
timah, keadaan oksidasi +2 secara umum meningkat, dan ada yang menarik pada
senyawa timah(II) dan timah(IV). Timah(IV) merupakan keadaan oksidasi timah
yang lebih stabil.Itu artinya akan mudah mengubah senyawa timah(II) menjadi
senyawa timah(IV). Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan baik pada ion Sn<sup>2+</sup>
dalam larutan yang merupakan agen pereduksi yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai contoh, larutan yang mengandung ion timah(II)
(misalnya larutan timah(II) klorida) akan mereduksi larutan iod menjadi ion
iodida. Pada proses tersebut, ion timah(II) dioksidasi menjadi ion timah(IV).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ion
timah(II) juga mereduksi ion besi(III) menjadi ion besi(II). Sebagai contoh
larutan timah(II) klorida akan mereduksi larutan besi(III) klorida menjadi
larutan besi(II) klorida. Pada proses ini, ion timah(II) dioksidasi menjadi ion
timah(IV) yang lebih stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ion
timah(II) juga, tentu saja, mudah dioksidasi oleh agen pengoksidasi yang sangat
kuat seperti larutan kalium mangan(VII) (larutan kalium permanganat) dalam
kondisi asam. Reaksi ini dapat digunakan dalam titrasi untuk menentukan
konsentrasi ion timah(II) dalam suatu larutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan
sebagai contoh terakhir . . .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kimia organik, timah dan asam klorida pekat digunakan
untuk mereduksi nitrobenzena menjadi fenilamin (anilin). Reaksi ini melibatkan
timah yang teroksidasi menjadi ion timah(II) dan kemudian menjadi ion
timah(IV).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh pada kimia timbal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada timbal, kondisinya dibalik. Keadaan oksidasi timbal(II)
lebih stabil, dan senyawa timbal(IV) mempunyai kecenderungan yang kuat untuk
bereaksi dan menghasilkan senyawa timbal(II).Timbal(IV) klorida, sebagai
contoh, terurai pada temperatur kamar menghasilkan timbal(II) klorida dan gas
klor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
. . dan timbal(IV) oksida terdekomposisi pada pemanasan menghasilkan timbal(II)
oksida dan oksigen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timbal(IV)
oksida juga bereaksi dengan asam klorida pekat, mengoksidasi beberapa ion
klorida dari asam menjadi gas klor. Sekali lagi, timbal direduksi dari +4
menjadi +2 yang lebih stabil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencoba menjelaskan kecenderungan
keadaan oksidasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
ada yang mengejutkan tentang keadaan oksidasi yang normal pada golongan 4 yaitu
+4.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua
unsur pada golongan 4 memiliki struktur elektron terluar ns<sup>2</sup>np<sub>x</sub><sup>1</sup>np<sub>y</sub><sup>1</sup>,
dimana n bervariasi dari 2 (untuk karbon) sampai 6 (untuk timbal). Pada keadaan
oksidasi +4 semua elektron terluar terlibat secara langsung dalam ikatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
bagian bawah golongan, ada kecenderungan peningkatan untuk tidak menggunakan
pasangan s<sup>2</sup> dalam pembentukan ikatan. Ini sering disebut dengan <b><i>efek
pasangan inert</i></b> – dan hal ini dominan pada kimia timbal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
ada penjelasan apapun dari penamaan "efek pasangan inert" Anda perlu
mengetahui dua penjelasan yang berbeda tergantung pada apa yang anda bicarakan,
pembentukan ikatan ionik atau ikatan kovalen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek pasangan inert pada pembentukan
ikatan ionik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
unsur golongan 4 membentuk ion 2+, maka unsur tersebut akan kehilangan elektron
pada orbital p, menyisakan pasangan s<sup>2</sup> yang tidak terpakai.
Misalnya, untuk membentuk ion timbal(II), timbal akan kehilangan dua elektron
6p, elektron 6s tidak mengalami perubahan – sebagai "pasangan inert".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
normal anda akan mengharapkan energi ionisasi turun dari atas ke bawah dalam
satu golongan karena elektron lebih jauh dari inti. Hal itu tidak terjadi pada
golongan 4.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Materi ini diambil dari sumber : http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_anorganik1/unsur-unsur_golongan_4/kecenderungan_keadaan_oksidasi_golongan_4/</span></div>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->kel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-66435636049920502662012-12-06T00:46:00.003-08:002012-12-13T08:21:09.011-08:00Halogen<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">HALOGEN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Unsur-unsur golongan VIIA disebut <i>halogen</i>. Nama itu berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti
“pembentukan garam”. Dinamai demikian karena unsur-unsur tersebut dapat
bereaksi dengan logam membentuk garam. Misalnya, klorin bereaksi dengan natrium
membentuk natrium klorida (NaCl), yaitu garam dapur.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Unsur-unsur halogen mempunyai 7 elektron valensi pada
subkulit <i>ns<sup>2</sup> np<sup>5</sup></i>.
Konfigurasi elektron yang demikian membuat unsur-unsur halogen bersifat sangat
reaktif. Halogen cenderung menyerap satu elektron membentuk ion bermuatan
negatif satu. Semua isotop astatin bersifat radioaktif dan berumur pendek,
sehingga <br />
<a name='more'></a>sifat-sifatnya belum banyak diketahui. Pada pembahasan berikut ini,
astatin tidak diikutsertakan.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat-sifat Fisis</b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Beberapa data fisis
halogen diberikan pada Tabel Sifat-sifat Fisis Halogen.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Sifat<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Fluorin<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Klorin<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Bromin<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Iodin<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Nomor atom (Z)<o:p></o:p></div>
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9<o:p></o:p></div>
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17<o:p></o:p></div>
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35<o:p></o:p></div>
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53<o:p></o:p></div>
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Konfigurasi elektron<o:p></o:p></div>
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[He]<i>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>5</sup><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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[Ne]<i>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>5</sup><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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[Ar]<i>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>5</sup><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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[Kr]<i>4d<sup>10</sup>5s<sup>2</sup>5p<sup>5</sup><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Titik cair (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></div>
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-220<o:p></o:p></div>
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-101<o:p></o:p></div>
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-7<o:p></o:p></div>
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114<o:p></o:p></div>
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Titik didih (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></div>
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-188<o:p></o:p></div>
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-35<o:p></o:p></div>
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59<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
184<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Rapatan (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,69 × 10<sup>-3</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
3,21 × 10<sup>-3</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
3,12<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
4,93<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Energi pengionan pertama (kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1681<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1251<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1140<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1008<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Afinitas elektron (kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-328<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-349<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-325<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-295<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Keelektronegatifan (skala Pauling)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
4,0<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
3,0<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2,8<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2,5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Potensial reduksi standar (volt)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
X<sub>2</sub> + 2e<sup>-</sup> → 2X<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2,87<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,36<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,06<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,54<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Jari-jari kovalen (Å)<o:p></o:p></div>
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0,64<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,99<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,14<o:p></o:p></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,33<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Jari-jari ion (X<sup>-</sup>) (Å)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,19<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,67<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,82<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2,06<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.8pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Energi ikatan X-X (kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.8pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
155<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.1pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
242<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.9pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
193<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.2pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
151<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Struktur Halogen</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Dalam bentuk unsur, halogen
(X) terdapat sebagai molekul diatomik (X<sub>2</sub>). Molekul X2 dapat mengalami
disosiasi menjadi atom-atomnya.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
X<sub>2</sub> (g) → 2X (g)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Kestabilan molekul halogen (X<sub>2</sub>) berkurang
dari Cl<sub>2</sub> ke I<sub>2</sub>. Hal itu sesuai dengan pertambahan
jari-jari atomnya, sehingga energi ikatan dari Cl-Cl ke I-I berkurang (lihat
Tabel Sifat-sifat Fisis Halogen). Akantetapi, sebagaimana dapat dilihat pada Tabel
Sifat-sifat Fisis Halogen, energi ikatan F-F ternyata lebh kecil daripada
ikatan Cl-Cl. Hal itu terjadi karena kecilnya jari-jari atom fluorin, sehingga
tolak-menolak antarinti atom maupun antarpasangan elektron bebas dalam molekul
F<sub>2</sub> menjadi cukup besar. Kecilnya energi ikatan F-F tersebut
merupakan salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan unsur fluorin sangat reaktif.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Wujud Halogen</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Pada suhu kamar, fluorin dan
klorin berupa gas, bromin berupa zat cair yang mudah menguap, sedangkan iodin
berupa zat padat yang mudah menyublim. Pemanasan iodin padat pada tekanan
atmosfer tidak membuat unsur itu meleleh, tetapi langsung menguap (menyublim).
Sama halnya dengan gas mulia, gaya intermolekul dalam halogen adalah gaya-gaya
dispersi. Hal tersebut menjelaskan mengapa titik leleh dan titik didih gas
mulia meningkat dari fluorin ke iodin.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Warna dan Aroma Halogen</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Halogen mempunyai warna dan
aroma tertentu. Fluorin berwarna kuning muda, klorin berwarna hijau muda (<i>“kloros”</i> berarti hijau), bromin berwarna
merah tua, iodin padat berwarna hitam, sedangkan uap iodin berwarna ungu. Semua
halogen berbau rangsang dan menusuk, serta bersifat racun. Kata klorin, iodin,
dan bromin berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang artinya berturut-turut adalah hijau,
violet (ungu), dan bau pesing (amis).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kelarutan Halogen</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Kelarutan dalam air berkurang
dari fluorin ke iodin. Fluorin tidak sekedar larut dalam air, tetapi segera
bereaksi membentuk HF dan O<sub>2</sub>. Jadi, dalam larutan tidak terdapat
lagi molekul F<sub>2</sub> melainkan HF.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
2F<sub>2</sub> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O
(l) → 4HF + O<sub>2</sub> (g)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Klorin dan bromin larut dalam
air, sedangkan iodin praktis tidak reaktif dengan air. Oleh karena molekulnya
bersifat nonpolar, iodin sukar larut dalam air. Meskipun iodin sukar larut
dalam air, ia mudah larut dalam larutan yang mengandung ion iodida (I<sup>-</sup>)
karena membentuk poliiodida (I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
I<sub>2</sub> (s) + I<sup>-</sup>
(aq) ↔ I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> (aq)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Ion poliiodida (I<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) mudah
terurai kembali membentuk I<sub>2</sub> sehingga larutan itu bersifat sebagai
larutan I<sub>2</sub> biasa.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Larutan halogen juga berwarna.
Larutan klorin berwarna hijau muda, larutan bromin berwarna coklat merah,
sedangkan larutan iodin berwarna coklat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Oleh karena bersifat nonpolar,
halogen lebih mudah larut dalam pelarut nonpolar seperti karbon tetraklorida
(CCl<sub>4</sub>) atau kloroform (CHCl<sub>3</sub>). Dalam pelarut tak
beroksigen, seperti karbon tetraklorida atau kloroform, iodin berwarna ungu.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat-sifat Kimia</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kereaktifan halogen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Halogen merupakan kelompok
unsur nonlogam yang paling reaktif. Namun demikian, kereaktifannya menurun dari
fluorin ke iodin. Hal itu sesuai dengan keelektronegatifan yang makin kecil
dari fluorin ke iodin. Fluorin adalah yang paling reaktif, dapat bereaksi
dengan hampir semua unsur, termasuk dengan sebagian gas mulia. Berbagai zat
yang tahan api, seperti asbes, terbakar dalam gas fluorin. Sedangkan iodin jauh
kurang reaktif. Reaksi-reaksi iodin seringkali memerlukan pemanasan atau
katalis. Semua halogen membentuk senyawa ion dengan bilangan oksidasi -1.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi-reaksi halogen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi dengan logam<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Halogen bereaksi dengan
sebagian besar logam menghasilkan halida logam dengan bilangan oksidasi
tertinggi.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Contoh:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
2Al + 3Br<sub>2</sub> → 2AlBr<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
2Fe + 3Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2FeCl<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi dengan hidrogen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Semua halogen bereaksi
dengan hidrogen membentuk hidrogen halida (HX).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
H<sub>2</sub> + X<sub>2</sub> →
2HX (X = halogen)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Fluorin dan klorin bereaksi dengan hebat
disertai ledakan, tetapi bromin dan iodin bereaksi lambat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi dengan nonlogam dan metaloid tertentu<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Halogen bereaksi dengan
sejumlah nonlogam dan metaloid.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Contoh:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Si + 2X<sub>2</sub> → SiX<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
2B + 3X<sub>2</sub> → 2BX<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Reaksi dengan fosforus,
arsen, dan antimon menghasilkan trihalida jika halogennya terbatas, atau
pentahalida jika halogennya berlebihan.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Contoh:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
P<sub>4</sub> + 6Cl<sub>2</sub> → 4PCl<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
P<sub>4</sub> + 10Cl<sub>2</sub> → 4PCl<sub>5</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi dengan air<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Fluorin bereaksi hebat
dengan air membentuk HF dan membebaskan oksigen.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
F<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
↔ 2HF + ½O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Halogen lainnya mengalami reaksi
disproporsionasi dalam air menurut kesetimbangan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
X<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
↔ HX + HXO<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Dari klorin ke iodin, kesetimbangan di
atas makin ke sebelah kiri. Iodin sukar larut dalam air.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi dengan basa<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Klorin, bromin, dan iodin
mengalami reaksi disproporsionasi dalam basa.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Contoh:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Jika klorin dialirkan ke dalam larutan
NaOH pada suhu kamar, maka akan bereaksi membentuk NaCl dan NaClO.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2NaOH
(aq) → NaCl (aq) + NaClO (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Jika larutan NaOH itu dipanaskan, maka
yang terbentuk adalah NaCl dan NaClO<sub>3</sub>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 6NaOH
(aq) → 5NaCl (aq) + NaClO<sub>3</sub> (aq) + 3H<sub>2</sub>O (l)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-no-proof: yes;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi antarhalogen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Antarhalogen dapat
bereaksi membentuk senyawa antarhalogen. Reaksinya secara umum dapat dinyatakan
sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;">
X<sub>2</sub> + nY<sub>2</sub>
→ 2XY<sub>n</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Dengan Y adalah halogen yang lebih
elektronegatif dan n adalah bilangan ganjil 1, 3, 5, atau 7. Senyawa
antarhalogen paling mudah terbentuk dengan fluorin. Tipe XY<sub>7</sub> hanya
dibentuk oleh I dengan F, yaitu IF<sub>7</sub>; bromin hanya membentuk sampai
BrF<sub>5</sub>; sedangkan klorin sampai ClF<sub>3</sub>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Daya oksidasi halogen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Halogen merupakan pengoksidasi
kuat. Daya pengoksidasi halogen menurun dari atas ke bawah pada sistem periodik
unsur, yaitu dari fluorin ke iodin. Sebaliknya, daya reduksi ion halida (X<sup>-</sup>)
bertambah dari atas ke bawah. Jadi, I<sup>-</sup> merupakan reduktor terkuat,
sedangkan F<sup>-</sup> merupakan reduktor terlemah. Daya oksidasi halogen atau
daya pereduksi ion halida dicerminkan oleh potensial elektrodanya.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
F<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2e ↔ 2F<sup>-</sup>
(aq) Eo
= +2,87 V<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2e ↔ 2Cl<sup>-</sup>
(aq) Eo = +1,36 V<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
Br<sub>2</sub> (l) + 2e ↔ 2Br<sup>-</sup>
(aq) Eo = +1,06 V<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
I<sub>2</sub> (s) + 2e ↔ 2I<sup>-</sup>
(aq) Eo = +0,54 V<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Sebagaimana diketahui, semakin positif harga potensial
elektroda, maka spesi itu semakin mudah mengalami reduksi, berarti merupakan
pengoksidasi kuat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Reaksi pendesakan antarhalogen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sesuai dengan urutan daya oksidasinya
yang menurun dari atas ke bawah pada sistem periodik unsur, maka halogen yang
bagian atas dapat mengoksidasi halida yang bagian bawahnya, tetapi tidak
sebaliknya. Oleh karena itu, halogen yang bagian atas dapat mengusir/mendesak
halogen yang bagian bawah dari senyawanya.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Contoh:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Klorin dapat mendesak bromin, tetapi sebaliknya bromin
tidak dapat mendesak klorin.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2NaBr
(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + Br<sub>2</sub> (l)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
Br<sub>2</sub> (l) + 2NaCl
(aq) → (tidak ada reaksi)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
Atau dalam bentuk reaksi ion berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
Cl<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2Br<sup>-</sup>
(aq) → 2Cl<sup>-</sup> (aq) + Br<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;">
Br<sub>2</sub> (l) + 2Cl<sup>-</sup>
(aq) → (tidak ada reaksi)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Purba,
Michael. 2006. <u>Kimia Jilid 3 untuk SMA Kelas XII</u>. Jakarta: Erlangga<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
File dapat didownload <a href="http://www.4shared.com/office/vPuYyc33/HALOGEN.html" target="_blank">disini</a> :)</div>
kel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-45755929196422946422012-12-04T04:54:00.003-08:002012-12-13T08:21:53.791-08:00Gas Mulia<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">GAS MULIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Gas mulia adalah unsur-unsur golongan VIIIA (18).
Disebut mulia karena unsur-unsur ini sangat stabil (sangat sukar bereaksi).
Tidak ditemukan satupun senyawa alami dari gas mulia. Menurut Lewis, kestabilan
gas mulia tersebut disebabkan konfigurasinya yang terisi penuh, yaitu
konfigurasi oktet (duplet untuk helium). Kestabilan gas mulia dicerminkan oleh
energi ionisasinya yang sangat besar, sedangkan afinitas elektronnya sangat
rendah (lihat Tabel Beberapa Data Fisis Unsur Gas Mulia). Dulu, bahkan para
ahli yakin bahwa unsur-unsur gas mulia benar-benar inert. Barulah pada tahun
1962, Neil Bartlett, seorang<br />
<a name='more'></a> ahli kimia dari Kanada berhasil membuat senyawa
xenon, yaitu XePtF<sub>6</sub>. Sejak itu, berbagai senyawa gas mulia berhasil
dibuat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat-sifat Fisis Gas Mulia</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Beberapa data fisis dari
gas mulia diberikan pada Tabel Beberapa Data Fisis Unsur Gas Mulia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Sifat<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>He<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Ne<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Ar<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Kr<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Xe<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Rn<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Nomor atom<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
10<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
18<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
36<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
54<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
86<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Elektron valensi<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Jari-jari atom (Å)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,50<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,65<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,95<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,10<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,30<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,45<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Titik leleh (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-272,2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-248,6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-189,4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-157,2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-111,8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-71<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Titik didih (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-268,9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-246,0<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-185,9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-153,4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-108,1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
-62<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Energi pengionan (kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2640<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2080<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1520<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1350<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1170<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1040<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Afinitas elektron (kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
21<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
29<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
35<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
39<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
41<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
41<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.0pt;" valign="top" width="171"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Densitas (g L<sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,178<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,900<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,78<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
3,73<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
5,89<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.8pt;" valign="top" width="54"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
9,73<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Seperti tampak pada Tabel
di atas, gas mulia mempunyai titik leleh serta titik didih yang sangat rendah.
Titik didih helium mendekati nol absolut (0 K). Titik didih gas mulia hanya
beberapa derajat di atas titik lelehnya. Rendahnya titik didih gas mulia dapat
diterangkan sebagai berikut. Seperti telah diketahui, gas mulia terdapat
sebagai molekul monoatomik. <st1:city w:st="on">Gaya</st1:city> tarik-menarik
antarmolekulnya hanyalah <st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city> <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>
(<st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city> dispersi)
yang lemah. Oleh karena itu, gas mulia hanya akan mencair atau menjadi padat
jika energi molekul-molekulnya menjadi sangat dilemahkan, yaitu pada suhu yang
sangat rendah. Dari atas ke bawah, seiring dengan bertambahnya <st1:city w:st="on">massa</st1:city>
atom relatif, <st1:city w:st="on">gaya</st1:city>
dispersi semakin besar dan titik leleh serta titik didihnya juga meningkat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat-sifat Kimia Gas Mulia</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Dunia kimia seperti
terguncang ketika pada tahun 1962, <st1:city w:st="on">Bartlett</st1:city>
berhasil membuat senyawa stabil dari xenon, yaitu XePtF6. Penemuan itu telah
mendobrak kegaiban gas mulia. Tidak lama kemudian, ahli riset lainnya dapat
membuat berbagai senyawa dari xenon, radon, dan kripton. Radon ternyata dapat
bereaksi spontan dengan fluorin, sedangkan xenon memerlukan pemanasan atau
penyinaran untuk memulai reaksi. Kripton lebih sukar, hanya bereaksi dengan
fluorin jika disinari atau jika diberi loncatan muatan listrik. Sementara itu
helium, neon, dan argon, ternyata lebih sukar lagi bereaksi dan belum berhasil
dibuat suatu senyawa dari ketiga unsur itu.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Kereaktifan gas mulia
bertambah besar sesuai dengan pertambahan jari-jari atomnya, yaitu dari atas ke
bawah. Pertambahan jari-jari atom mengakibatkan daya tarik inti terhadap
elektron kulit luar berkurang, sehingga elektronnya semakin mudah ditarik oleh
atom lain. Walaupun senyawa gas mulia telah berhasil dibuat, namun tetap harus
diakui bahwa unsur gas mulia lebih stabil dari semua golongan lainnya. Unsur
gas mulia hanya dapat berikatan dengan unsur yang sangat elektronegatif,
seperti fluorin dan oksigen.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Setelah senyawa gas mulia
berhasil dibuat, istilah gas inert (lembam) tidak sesuai lagi. <st1:place w:st="on">Para</st1:place> ahli lebh cenderung menggunakan istilah gas mulia,
yang berarti stabil atau sukar bereaksi, serupa dengan istilah logam mulia yang
digunakan untuk emas dan platina.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Purba, Michael. 2006. <u>Kimia Jilid 3 untuk SMA Kelas
XII</u>. <st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city>:
Erlangga<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
File dapat didownload <a href="http://www.4shared.com/office/8UlUMkK7/GAS_MULIA.html" target="_blank">disini</a> :)</div>
kel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-71003511562926212932012-12-04T04:03:00.001-08:002012-12-13T08:22:20.609-08:00Kelimpahan Unsur-unsur di Alam<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">KELIMPAHAN UNSUR-UNSUR DI ALAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Keberadaan Unsur-unsur di Kulit Bumi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sekitar 90 jenis unsur
terdapat di alam, sisanya merupakan unsur buatan. Sebagian dari unsur tersebut
terdapat sebagai unsur bebas, tetapi lebih banyak yang berupa senyawa.
Unsur-unsur gas mulia (helium, neon, argon, kripton, xenon, dan radon) terdapat
sebagai unsur bebas. Tidak ditemukan satupun senyawa alami dari unsur gas
mulia. Beberapa unsur logam, yaitu emas, platina, perak, dan tembaga, juga
ditemukan dalam bentuk bebas, di samping sebagai senyawa. Begitu juga dengan
beberapa unsur nonlogam, yaitu oksigen, nitrogen, belerang, dan karbon.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Bahan-bahan <br />
<a name='more'></a>alam yang
mengandung unsur atau senyawa tertentu dalam kadar yang relatif besar disebut
mineral. Suatu unsur atau senyawa diperoleh dari mineral yang tersedia. Akan
tetapi, tidak semua mineral dapat digunakan sebagai sumber komersial untuk
unsurnya. Hal itu bergantung pada kadar mineral dan mudah/sukarnya proses
pengolahan. Mineral yang secara komersial digunakan sebagai sumber logam disebut
bijih. Aluminosilikat dan bauksit merupakan dua contoh mineral aluminium.
Secara komersial, aluminium dibuat dari bauksit. Jadi, bauksit merupakan contoh
bijih aluminium.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kelimpahan Unsur-unsur di Kulit Bumi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Unsur yang paling
melimpah di kulit bumi adalah oksigen, kemudian silikon, dan aluminium.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Tabel Kelimpahan
Unsur-unsur dalam Kulit Bumi<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Unsur<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>% <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Massa</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Unsur<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>% <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Massa</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Oksigen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
49,20<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Klorin<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,19<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Silikon<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
25,67<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Fosforus<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,11<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Aluminium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
7,50<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Mangan<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,09<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Besi<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
4,71<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Karbon<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,08<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kalsium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
3,39<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Belerang<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,06<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Natrium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2,63<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Barium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,04<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kalium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2,40<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Nitrogen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,03<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Magnesium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,93<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Fluorin<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,03<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Hidrogen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,87<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Stronsium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,02<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.5pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Titanium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,58<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.15pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Unsur lain<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.5pt;" valign="top" width="86"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,47<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sumber komersial dari
oksigen dan nitrogen adalah udara. Kelimpahan kedua unsur itu dalam udara
diberikan pada Tabel Komposisi Udara Bersih dan Kering.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Komponen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Rumus<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 187.25pt;" valign="top" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Konsentrasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>ppm<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Nitrogen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
N<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
78,09<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
780900<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Oksigen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
20,94<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
209400<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Argon<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Ar<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,934<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
9340<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Karbon dioksida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,0315<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
315<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Neon<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Ne<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,0018<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
18<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Helium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
He<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,00052<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
5,2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Metena<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
CH<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,00010-0,00012<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,0-1,2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kripton<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kr<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,0001<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Karbon monoksida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
CO<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,00001<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Nitrogen oksida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
N<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,00005<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Hidrogen<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
H<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,00005<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Xenon<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Xe<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,000008<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,08<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Nitrogen dioksida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
NO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,000002<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,02<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.5pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Ozon<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
O<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.9pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,000001-0,000004<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.35pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,01-0,04<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Beberapa unsur diperoleh
dari air laut. Misalnya natrium, klorin, magnesium, dan bromin. Komposisi
mineral dalam air laut diberikan pada Tabel Kandungan Mineral Utama dalam Air
Laut.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 547px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 42.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Komponen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Rumus<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.95pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Konsentrasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>(g/kg air
laut)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Komponen<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Rumus<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Konsentrasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>(g/kg air
laut)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Klorida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Cl<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.95pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
18,980<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Bikarbonat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,140<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Natrium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Na<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.95pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
10,556<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Bromida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Br<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,065<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Sulfat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.95pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2,649<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Asam borat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,026<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Magnesium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Mg<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.95pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1,272<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Stronsium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Sr<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,013<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kalsium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Ca<sup>2+</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.95pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,400<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Fluorida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
F<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,001<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kalium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
K<sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.95pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
0,380<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.5pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.65pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sebagian besar unsur,
khususnya logam, terdapat sebagai deposit di bawah permukaan tanah. Bijih logam
biasanya digolongkan menurut jenis anionnya, seperti pada Tabel Berbagai
Golongan Mineral berikut.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Anion<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Contoh
Mineral<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Tidak ada*<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Bi, As, Sb, Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Oksida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Hematit (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), Magnetit (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>),
Bauksit (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.nH<sub>2</sub>O), Kasiterit (SnO<sub>2</sub>),
Silika (SiO<sub>2</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Sulfida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kalkopirit (CuFeS<sub>2</sub>), Kalkosit (Cu<sub>2</sub>S),
Spalerit (ZnS), <st1:place w:st="on">Galena</st1:place>
(PbS), Pirit (FeS<sub>2</sub>), Cinnabar (HgS)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Klorida<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Garam batu (NaCl), Silvit (KCl), Karnalit (KCl-MgCl<sub>2</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Karbonat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Batu kapur (CaCO<sub>3</sub>), Magnesit (MgCO<sub>3</sub>),
Dolomit (MgCO<sub>3</sub>.CaCO<sub>3</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Sulfat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Gypsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O), Garam
Epsom (MgSO<sub>4</sub>.7H<sub>2</sub>O), Barit (BaSO<sub>4</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.45pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Silikat<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.35pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Beryl (Be<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>18</sub>),
Kaolinit (Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>),
Spodumene<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Berbagai logam yang
terdapat cukup melimpah di <st1:country-region w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region>
diberikan dalam Tabel Berbagai Mineral dan Terdapatnya di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 556px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.5pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>No.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Unsur<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.95pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Mineral<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Terdapat
di<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.5pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
1.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Tembaga<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.95pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kalkopirit, CuFeS<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kalkosit, Cu<sub>2</sub>S<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Papua<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.5pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
2.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Besi<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.95pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Hematit, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Magnetit, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Pirit, FeS<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Siderit, FeCO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.5pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
3.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Nikel<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.95pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<st1:place w:st="on">NiS</st1:place><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Soroako, <st1:place w:st="on">Sulawesi</st1:place>
Selatan<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.5pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
4.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Emas<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.95pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Unsur<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Di berbagai tempat di seluruh <st1:country-region w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.5pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
5.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Aluminium<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.95pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Bauksit, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.nH<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kriolit, Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Pulau Bintan<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.5pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
6.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.95pt;" valign="top" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Timah<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.95pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Kasiterit, SnO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 156.25pt;" valign="top" width="208"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Pulau Bangka<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Purba, Michael. 2006. <u>Kimia Jilid 3 untuk SMA Kelas
XII</u>. <st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city>:
Erlangga<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
File dapat didownload <a href="http://www.4shared.com/office/DeDglD6K/KELIMPAHAN_UNSUR.html" target="_blank">disini</a> :)</div>
kel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-37757679087280823022012-11-29T04:22:00.001-08:002012-12-13T08:23:06.055-08:00Unsur Transisi<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">UNSUR-UNSUR TRANSISI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat-sifat Umum Unsur Transisi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Unsur transisi mempunyai
sifat-sifat khas yang membedakannya dari unsur golongan utama, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Sifat logam semua unsur transisi tergolong logam
dengan titik cair dan titik didih yang relatif tinggi.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bersifat paramagnetik (sedikit tertarik ke dalam <st1:city w:st="on">medan</st1:city> magnet).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Membentuk senyawa-senyawa yang berwarna.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Mempunyai beberapa tingkat oksidasi.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Membentuk berbagai macam ion kompleks.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Berdaya katalitik, banyak unsur transisi atau
senyawanya yang berfungsi sebagai katalis, baik dalam proses industri maupun
dalam metabolisme.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Zink dan unsur-unsur<br />
<a name='more'></a>
golongan II B lainnya (Cd dan Hg) seringkali memperlihatkan sifat yang berbeda
dari unsur transisi pada umumnya. Mereka mempunyai titik leleh dan titik didih
yang relatif rendah (raksa bahkan adalah satu-satunya logam yang berupa cairan
pada suhu kamar); tidak paramagnetik, melainkan bersifat diamagnetik (sedikit
ditolak keluar <st1:city w:st="on">medan</st1:city>
magnet); dan senyawa-senyawanya tidak berwarna (putih). Zink hanya mempunyai satu
tingkat oksidasi, yaitu +2.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">III B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">IV B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">V B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">VI B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">VII B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.9pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">VIII B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">I B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">II B<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">21</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>1</sup> 4s<sup>2<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">22</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>2</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">23</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>3</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">24</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Cr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>5</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">25</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>5</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">26</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Fe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">27</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Co<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>7</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">28</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>8</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">29</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Cu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">30</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Zn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]-->
<tr height="0">
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
</tr>
<!--[endif]-->
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Unsur Transisi Periode Keempat<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sifat-sifat khas unsur transisi
tersebut dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan konfigurasi elektronnya. Unsur-unsur
transisi periode keempat mengisi subkulit 3d, mulai dari d<sup>1</sup> untuk
skandium hingga d<sup>10</sup> untuk zink. Konfigurasi elektron dari kromium
dan tembaga menunjukkan bahwa subkulit 4s berisi satu elektron sehingga
kestabilan subkulit d terisi penuh atau setengah penuh.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sifat-sifat khas unsur
transisi berkaitan dengan adanya subkulit d yang terisi tidak penuh. Oleh
karena itu, unsur transisi adalah unsur yang mempunyai subkulit d terisi tidak
penuh paling tidak pada salah satu tingkat oksidasinya. Semua unsur transisi
periode keempat memenuhi definisi ini kecuali zink. Pada tingkat oksidasi nol
(sebagai unsur), maupun pada tingkat oksidasi +2 (satu-satunya tingkat oksidasi
zink), subkulit 3d-nya terisi penuh:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Zn (Z=30) : [Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Zn<sup>2+</sup> : [Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
Tembaga, meskipun pada tingkat oksidasi
nol mengisi penuh subkulit 3d, namun pada tingkat oksidasi +2, terisi tidak
penuh.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Cu (Z=29) :
[Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
Cu<sup>2+</sup> : [Ar] 3d<sup>9</sup><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat Logam Unsur Transisi Periode Keempat<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Semua unsur transisi
periode keempat tergolong logam, baik dalam sifat kimia maupun sifat fisis.
Semua unsur transisi periode keempat mempunyai energi ionisasi yang relatif
rendah (kurang dari 1.000 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>) kecuali zink yang energi ionisasinya
agak besar (906 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>). Sifat logam unsur transisi juga
dicerminkan oleh harga keelektronegatifannya yang rendah (kurang dari 2). Pada
kenyataannya, semua unsur transisi periode keempat membentuk kation tunggal
dengan bilangan oksidasi +1, +2, atau +3. pada tingkat oksidasi yang rendah,
senyawa unsur transisi bersifat ionik.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sifat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sc<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ti<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Cr<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mn<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Fe<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Co<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Ni<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Cu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Zn<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Jari-jari atom (Å)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Jari-jari ion M<sup>2+</sup> (Å)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,93<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">0,88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Titik leleh (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1541<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1660<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1890<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1857<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1244<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1535<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1495<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1453<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1083<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">420<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Titik didih (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2831<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3287<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3380<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2672<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1962<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2750<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2870<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2732<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2567<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">907<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Rapatan (gram cm<sup>-3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">4,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">6,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">7,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">7,2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">7,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">8,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">8,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">8,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">7,1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kekerasan (Skala Mohs)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">9,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">5,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">4,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">3,0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">2,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Energi ionisasi (kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">631<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">658<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">650<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">652<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">717<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">759<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">758<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">737<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">745<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">906<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Keelektronegatifan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">1,6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">E<sup>o</sup>red M<sup>2+</sup>
(aq) (volt)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.8pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-1,20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-0,91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.65pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-1,19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.55pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-0,44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-0,28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-0,25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">+0,34<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.65pt;" valign="top" width="48"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">-0,76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sifat Magnet</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Berdasarkan perilakunya
dalam <st1:city w:st="on">medan</st1:city> magnet, zat-zat diklasifikasikan
sebagai diamagnetik apabila zat itu sedikit ditolak keluar <st1:city w:st="on">medan</st1:city>;
paramagnetik apabila sedikit ditarik ke dalam <st1:city w:st="on">medan</st1:city>;
atau feromagnetik apabila ditarik kuat ke dalam <st1:city w:st="on">medan</st1:city> magnet. Unsur transisi perode keempat
dan senyawa-senyawanya umumnya bersifat paramagnetik. Feromagnetisme hanya
diperlihatkan oleh beberapa logam, yaitu besi, kobal, dan nikel, serta
logam-logam campur tertentu.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sifat magnet dari suatu
zat dapat ditunjukkan dan diukur dengan neraca. Zat yang bersifat diamagnetik
akan menunjukkan berat kurang, sedangkan yang bersifat paramagnetik menunjukkan
berat lebih.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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<td><br /></td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2dmdtCrE4NwENhNMuZhHGQqB8fikGw_so14gUUSavVHUvjGhehkn0qlIXjnw5Il5MSH0L28bpUUg8FiOFN84eDhzNHCk6NIOv9ljvYtybdJws8y-j710UDnBXqj6Z6sfjlMMeQDPpadM/s1600/magnetik4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="119" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG2dmdtCrE4NwENhNMuZhHGQqB8fikGw_so14gUUSavVHUvjGhehkn0qlIXjnw5Il5MSH0L28bpUUg8FiOFN84eDhzNHCk6NIOv9ljvYtybdJws8y-j710UDnBXqj6Z6sfjlMMeQDPpadM/s1600/magnetik4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Sifat magnet zat
berkaitan dengan konfigurasi elektronnya. Zat yang bersifat paramagnetik
mempunyai setidaknya satu elektron tak berpasangan. Semakin banyak elektron tak
berpasangan, semakin bersifat paramagnetik. Pengukuran sifat magnet dapat
digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah elektron tak berpasangan dalam satu spesi.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Warna Senyawa Unsur Transisi Periode Keempat</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Pada umumnya unsur-unsur
transisi periode keempat membentuk senyawa berwarna, baik dalam bentuk padat
maupun dalam larutan. Warna senyawa dari unsur transisi juga berkaitan dengan
adanya subkulit d yang terisi tidak penuh. Senyawa dari Sc<sup>3+</sup> dan Ti<sup>4+</sup>
tidak berwarna karena subkulit 3d-nya kosong. Senyawa dari Zn<sup>2+</sup> juga
tidak berwarna karena subkulit 3d-nya terisi penuh.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Tingkat Oksidasi Unsur Transisi Periode Keempat</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Unsur-unsur transisi
periode keempat mempunyai beberapa tingkat oksidasi. Seperti contohnya beberapa
senyawa mangan berikut, yaitu MnSO<sub>4</sub>, MnO<sub>2</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub>,
dan KMnO<sub>4</sub>. Tingkat oksidasi mangan dalam senyawa-senyawa itu
berturut-turut adalah +2, +4, +6, dan +7.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Tingkat Oksidasi Unsur Transisi Periode Keempat<o:p></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>III B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Sc<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>IV B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Ti<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>V B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>V<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>VI B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Cr<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>VII B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Mn<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.9pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>VIII B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>I B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Cu<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>II B<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Zn<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Fe<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Co<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>Ni<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+1<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+2<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+2*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+2*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+2<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+2*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+2*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+2*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+3*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+3*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+3*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+3*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+4*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+4*<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+4<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+5<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b>+6<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.25pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
+7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.3pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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* Yang dicetak tebal adalah tingkat oksidasi biasa dan
yang diberi bintang adalah tingkat oksidasi paling stabil.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Daftar Pustaka:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
Purba, Michael. 2006. <u>Kimia Jilid 3 untuk SMA Kelas
XII</u>. <st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city>:
Erlangga<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
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File dapat didownload <a href="http://www.4shared.com/office/9559BzHP/UNSUR_TRANSISI.html" target="_blank">disini</a> :)</div>
kel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-43685398587085195512012-11-10T17:59:00.001-08:002012-12-13T08:26:38.298-08:00Unsur Golongan VI A<a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/5jJnqx2j/unsur_golongan_VI_A.html"><span style="font-family: inherit;">file dapat didownload disini</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b>UNSUR – UNSUR GOLONGAN VI A</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b> OKSIGEN</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah Oksigen
( O<sub>2</sub> )</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen ( O<sub>2</sub>
) merupakan unsur kimia ke-3 yang paling melimpah di bumi. Oksigen kerap
dinamakan senyawa gas diatomik dengan rumus O<sub>2</sub>. Gas oksigen diatomik
mengisi 20,9% volume atmosfer bumi, oksigen atau zat asam juga bagian dari
Kimia. Dalam tabel periodik oksigen terdapat pada no.atom 8, merupakan unsur
kalkalogen dan dapat dengan mudah bereaksi dengan hampir semua unsur lainnya(
utamanya menjadi oks</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">da ).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen secara
terpisah ditemukan oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Carl Wilhelm
Scheele</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Uppsala</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada tahun 1773 dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joseph Priestley</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Wiltshire</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada tahun 1774. Temuan Priestley lebih terkenal oleh karena publikasinya
merupakan yang pertama kali dicetak. Istilah <i>oxygen</i> diciptakan oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Antoine
Lavoisier</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada tahun 1777, yang
eksperimennya dengan </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oksigen berhasil meruntuhkan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">teori flogiston</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembakaran</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">korosi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang terkenal. Oksigen secara industri dihasilkan dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">distilasi
bertingkat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> udara cair, dengan
munggunakan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zeolit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk memisahkan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon dioksida</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nitrogen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari udara, ataupun </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">elektrolisis air</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dll. Oksigen digunakan dalam produksi baja, plastik, dan tekstil, ia juga
digunakan sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">propelan roket</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terapi oksigen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan sebagai penyokong kehidupan pada </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pesawat terbang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kapal selam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penerbangan luar
angkasa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyelaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">temperatur dan
tekanan standar</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, oksigen berupa gas tak
berwarna</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,tak
berbau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan tak berasa dengan rumus kimia O<sub>2</sub>, di mana
dua atom oksigen secara kimiawi berikatan dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">konfigurasi
elektron</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">triplet spin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ikatan ini memiliki </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">orde ikatan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dua dan sering dijelaskan secara sederhana sebagai </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ikatan ganda</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ataupun sebagai kombinasi satu ikatan dua elektron dengan dua ikatan tiga
elektron. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">isik</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a dan Kimia</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna oksigen
cair adalah biru seperti warna biru langit. Fenomena ini tidak berkaitan; warna
biru langit disebabkan oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyebaran
Rayleigh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Oksigen lebih </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">larut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam air daripada nitrogen. Air mengandung sekitar satu molekul O<sub>2</sub>
untuk setiap dua molekul N<sub>2</sub>, bandingkan dengan rasio atmosferik yang
sekitar 1:4. Kelarutan oksigen dalam air bergantung pada suhu. Pada suhu 0 °C,
konsentrasi oksigen dalam air adalah 14,6 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, manakala pada suhu
20 °C oksigen yang larut adalah sekitar 7,6 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>. Pada suhu
25 °C dan 1 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atm</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> udara, air tawar mengandung 6,04 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mililiter</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (mL) oksigen per </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">liter</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, manakala dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air laut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mengandung sekitar 4,95 mL per liter. Pada suhu 5 °C,
kelarutannya bertambah menjadi 9,0 mL (50% lebih banyak daripada
25 °C) per liter untuk air murni dan 7,2 mL (45% lebih) per liter
untuk air laut.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen mengembun pada 90,20 </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (−182,95 °C, −297,31 °F), dan membeku pada 54.36 K
(−218,79 °C, −361,82 °F). Baik oksigen cair dan oksigen padat
berwarna biru langit. Hal ini dikarenakan oleh penyerapan warna merah. Oksigen
cair dengan kadar kemurnian yang tinggi biasanya didapatkan dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">distilasi
bertingkat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> udara cair</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Oksigen cair juga dapat dihasilkan dari pengembunan udara, menggunakan
nitrogen cair dengan pendingin. Oksigen merupakan zat yang sangat reaktif dan
harus dipisahkan dari bahan-bahan yang mudah terbakar.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen yang
dapat ditemukan secara alami adalah <sup>16</sup>O, <sup>17</sup>O, dan </span><sup><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">18</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">O</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dengan <sup>16</sup>O merupakan yang paling melimpah (99,762%). Isotop
oksigen dapat berkisar dari yang ber</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nomor massa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 12 sampai dengan 28. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebanyakan <sup>16</sup>O
di </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">disintesis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada akhir proses </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fusi helium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bintang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, namun ada juga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beberapa yang
dihasilkan pada proses pembakaran neon. <sup>17</sup>O utamanya dihasilkan dari
pembakaran hidrogen menjadi </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">helium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> semasa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">siklus CNO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, membuatnya menjadi isotop yang paling umum pada zona pembakaran hidrogen
bintang. Kebanyakan <sup>18</sup>O diproduksi ketika </span><sup><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">14</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">N</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (berasal dari pembakaran CNO) menangkap inti </span><sup><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">He</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, menjadikannya bentuk isotop yang paling umum di zona kaya helium bintang.
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empat belas </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">radioisotop</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah berhasil dikarakterisasi, yang paling stabil adalah <sup>15</sup>O
dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">umur paruh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 122,24 detik dan <sup>14</sup>O dengan umur paruh
70,606 detik. Isotop radioaktif sisanya memiliki umur paruh yang lebih
pendek daripada 27 detik, dan mayoritas memiliki umur paruh kurang dari 83
milidetik. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Modus peluruhan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang paling umum untuk isotop yang lebih ringan dari <sup>16</sup>O adalah
</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penangkapan
elektron</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, menghasilkan nitrogen,
sedangkan modus peluruhan yang paling umum untuk isotop yang lebih berat
daripada <sup>18</sup>O adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">peluruhan beta</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, menghasilkan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fluorin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut massanya,
oksigen merupakan unsur kimia paling melimpah di biosfer, udara, laut, dan
tanah bumi. Oksigen merupakan unsur kimia paling melimpah ketiga di alam
semesta, setelah hidrogen dan helium. Sekitar 0,9% massa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Matahari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah oksigen. Oksigen mengisi sekitar 49,2% massa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kerak bumi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan merupakan komponen utama dalam samudera (88,8% berdasarkan massa). Gas
oksigen merupakan komponen paling umum kedua dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atmosfer bumi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, menduduki 21,0% volume dan 23,1% massa (sekitar 10<sup>15</sup> ton)
atmosfer. Bumi memiliki ketidaklaziman pada atmosfernya dibandingkan
planet-planet lainnya dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem tata
surya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> karena ia memiliki
konsentrasi gas oksigen yang tinggi di atmosfernya. Bandingkan dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mars</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang hanya memiliki 0,1% O<sub>2</sub> berdasarkan volume dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Venus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang bahkan memiliki kadar konsentrasi yang lebih rendah. Namun, O<sub>2</sub>
yang berada di planet-planet selain bumi hanya dihasilkan dari radiasi
ultraviolet yang menimpa molekul-molekul beratom oksigen, misalnya </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon dioksida</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsentrasi gas
oksigen di Bumi yang tidak lazim ini merupakan akibat dari </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">siklus oksigen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Siklus
biogeokimia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ini menjelaskan
pergerakan oksigen di dalam dan di antara tiga reservoir utama bumi: atmosfer, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biosfer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">litosfer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Faktor utama yang mendorong siklus oksigen ini adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fotosintesis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Fotosintesis melepaskan oksigen ke atmosfer, manakala </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">respirasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan proses </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pembusukan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menghilangkannya dari atmosfer. Dalam keadaan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kesetimbangan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, laju produksi dan konsumsi oksigen adalah sekitar 1/2000 keseluruhan
oksigen yang ada di atmosfer setiap tahunnya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oksigen bebas
juga terdapat dalam air sebagai larutan. Peningkatan kelarutan O<sub>2</sub>
pada temperatur yang rendah memiliki implikasi yang besar pada kehidupan laut.
Lautan di sekitar kutub bumi dapat menyokong kehidupan laut yang lebih banyak
oleh karena kandungan oksigen yang lebih tinggi. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Air yang terkena
polusi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat mengurangi jumlah
O<sub>2</sub> dalam air tersebut. Para ilmuwan menaksir kualitas air dengan
mengukur </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebutuhan
oksigen biologis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau jumlah O<sub>2</sub>
yang diperlukan untuk mengembalikan konsentrasi oksigen dalam air itu seperti
semula</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">selama </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fotosintesis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oksigenik. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gangganghijau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sianobakteri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di lingkungan lautan menghasilkan sekitar 70% oksigen bebas yang
dihasilkan di bumi, sedangkan sisanya dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan daratan. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persamaan kimia yang sederhana untuk fotosintesis adalah:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6CO<sub>2</sub> +
6H<sub>2</sub>O + </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">foton</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Evolusi oksigen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> fotolitik terjadi di </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">membran tilakoid</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> organisme dan memerlukan energi empat </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">foton</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.Terdapat banyak langkah proses yang terlibat, namun hasilnya merupakan
pembentukan gradien </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">proton</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di seluruh permukaan tilakod. Ini digunakan untuk mensintesis </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ATP</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> via</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fotofosforilasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.O<sub>2</sub> yang dihasilkan sebagai produk sampingan kemudian
dilepaskan ke atmosfer.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dioksigen molekuler, O<sub>2</sub>, sangatlah penting untuk </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">respirasi sel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organisme aerob</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Oksigen digunakan di </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mitokondria</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk membantu menghasilkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adenosina
trifosfat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (ATP) selama </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fosforilasi
oksidatif</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Reaksi respirasi aerob
ini secara garis besar merupakan kebalikan dari fotosintesis, secara sederhana:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> +
6O<sub>2</sub> → 6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O + 2880 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vetebrata</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, O<sub>2</sub> berdifusi melalui membran paru-paru dan dibawa
oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel darah merah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hemoglobin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mengikat O<sub>2</sub>, mengubah warnanya dari merah kebiruan
menjadi merah cerah.Terdapat pula hewan lainnya yang menggunakan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hemosianin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ataupun </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hemeritrin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">laba-laba</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lobster</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).Satu liter darah dapat melarutkan 200 cc O<sub>2</sub>.Spesi
oksigen yang reaktif, misalnya ion </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">superoksida</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrogen
peroksida</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>),
adalah produk sampingan penggunaan oksigen dalam tubuh organisme.Namun,
bagian </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem kekebalan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> organisme tingkat tinggi pula menghasilkan peroksida, superoksida,
dan oksigen singlet untuk menghancurkan mikroba. Spesi oksigen reaktif juga
memainkan peran yang penting pada </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">respon
hipersensitif</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tumbuhan melawan
serangan patogen. Dalam keadaan istiraha</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, manusia dewasa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">menghirup</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1,8 sampai 2,4 gram oksigen per menit.Jumlah ini setara dengan 6
miliar ton oksigen yang dihirup oleh seluruh manusia per tahun.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .05in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penumpukan oksigen di atmosfer</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .05in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peningkatan kadar
O<sub>2</sub> di atmosfer bumi: 1) tiada O<sub>2</sub> yang
dihasilkan; 2) O<sub>2</sub> dihasilkan, namun diserap samudera dan batuan
dasar laut; 3) O<sub>2</sub> mulai melepaskan diri dari samuder, namun
diserap oleh permukaan tanah dan pembentukan lapisan ozon; 4-5) gas O<sub>2</sub> mulai
berakumulasi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas oksigen bebas hampir tidak terdapat pada </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atmosfer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bumi sebelum munculnya </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arkaea</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> fotosintetik. Oksigen bebas pertama kali muncul dalam kadar yang
signifikan semasa masa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Paleoproterozoikum</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (antara 2,5 sampai dengan 1,6 miliar tahun yang lalu). Pertama-tama,
oksigen bersamaan dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">besi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang larut dalam samudera, membentuk formasi pita besi (<i>Banded
iron formation</i>). Oksigen mulai melepaskan diri dari samudera 2,7 miliar
tahun lalu, dan mencapai 10% kadar sekarang sekitar 1,7 miliar tahun lalu.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keberadaan oksigen dalam jumlah besar di atmosfer dan samudera kemungkinan
membuat kebanyakan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organisme
anaerob</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hampir</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">punah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> semasa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bencana oksigen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekitar 2,4 miliar tahun yang lalu. Namun, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">respirasi sel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menggunakan O<sub>2</sub> mengijinkan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organisme aerob</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk memproduksi lebih banyak ATP daripada organisme anaerob,
sehingga organisme aerob mendominasi </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biosfer</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bumi.Fotosintesis dan respirasi seluler O<sub>2</sub> mengijinkan
berevolusinya </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel eukariota</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan akhirnya berevolusi menjadi organisme multisel seperti tumbuhan
dan hewan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejak permulaan era </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kambrium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 540 juta tahun yang lalu, kadar O<sub>2</sub> berfluktuasi
antara 15% sampai 30% berdasarkan volume.Pada akhir masa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Karbon</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, kadar O<sub>2</sub> atmosfer mencapai maksimum dengan 35%
berdasarkan volume,mengijinkan serangga dan amfibi tumbuh lebih besar daripada
ukuran sekarang. Aktivitas manusia, meliputi pembakaran 7 miliar </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ton</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahan bakar
fosil</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> per tahun hanya
memiliki pengaruh yang sangat kecil terhadap penurunan kadar oksigen di
atmosfer. Dengan laju fotosintesis sekarang ini, diperlukan sekitar 2.000 tahun
untuk memproduksi ulang seluruh O<sub>2</sub> yang ada di atmosfer
sekarang.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b>SULFUR</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Se</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jarah Sulfur ( S )</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Genesis,
belerang sudah lama dikenal oleh nenek moyang sebagai batu belerang. Belerang
ditemukan dalam meteorit. Menurut R.W.Wood, terdapat simpanan belerang pada
daerah gelap di kawah Aristarcus. Belarang atau sulfur adalah salah satu unsur
kimia yang terdapat dalam sistem tabel periodik yang memiliki lambang S dan
nomor atom 16. Belerang memiliki bentuk non-metal yang tak berasa, tak berbau,
dan multivalent. Bentuk asli dari belerang adalah zat padat kristalin kuning.
Belerang di alam dapat ditemukan sebagai unsur murni atau sebagai
mineral-mineral sulfide dan sulfate. Penggunaan komersilnya terutama dalam
fertilizer namun juga dalam bubuk mesiu, korek api, insektisida dan fungisida.
Belerang merupakan unsur penting dalam kehidupan dan ditemukan dalam dua asam
amin</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat Fisika dan Kimia</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Belerang merupakan padatan rapuh yang memiliki warna kuning pucat, tidak larut
dalam air tapi mudah larut dalam karbon disulfida (CS<sub>2</sub>). Berbagai
bentuk dari unsur belerang baik berupa gas, cair ataupun padat terjadi dalam
bentuk alotrop yang lebih dari satu atau campuran. Bentuk yang berbeda-beda ini
menyebabkan sifat dari belerang ini berbeda-beda juga dan bentuk alotropnya
masih belum bisa dipahami. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Energi ionisasi
pertama dan kedua dari sulfur dan 999,6 kJ 2252 · mol-1, masing-masing.
Meskipun tingkat tinggi seperti, oksidasi belerang hingga +2 jarang terjadi,
sehubungan dengan negara-negara yang lebih +4 dan +6. Keempat dan keenam
ionisasi energi 4556 dan 8495,8 kJ · mol-1, dengan tingginya kadar transfer
elektron karena orbital. negara ini hanya stabil dengan oksidan kuat seperti
fluor, oksigen dan klorin.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sulfur bentuk
molekul poliatomik dengan rumus kimia yang berbeda, dengan alotrop paling
terkenal octasulfur sedang, cyclo-S8. Octasulfur yang lembut, lampu-padat hanya
dengan bau samar kuning, mirip dengan pertandingan. Hal meleleh pada 115,21 °
C, mendidih pada 444,6 ° C dan menyublim dengan mudah</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada 95,2 ° C,. Di bawah suhu leleh, perubahan octasulfur cyclo-octasulfur
dari α-untuk β-Polymorph. S<sub>8</sub> struktur cincin hampir tidak berubah
oleh perubahan fasa, yang mempengaruhi interaksi antarmolekul.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antara lebur dan
didih suhu, perubahan alotrop nya octasulfur lagi, berbalik dari β-ke
octasulfur γ-belerang, lagi diiringi dengan kepadatan menurun tetapi
meningkatkan viskositas karena pembentukan polimer</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada suhu yang lebih tinggi, namun. , Viskositas menurun depolimerisasi
terjadi. belerang cair mengasumsikan warna merah gelap di atas 200 ° C.
kepadatan kira-kira sama dengan 2 · cm g, -3 tergantung pada alotrop. Semua
alotrop stabil merupakan insulator listrik yang baik.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sulfur terbakar
dengan nyala biru bersama-sama dengan pembentukan belerang dioksida, yang
dikenal sebagai bau mencekik aneh. Sulfur tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut
dalam karbon disulfide, - dan untuk tingkat yang lebih rendah di lain pelarut
organik nonpolar seperti benzena dan toluena.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang memiliki
sebelas isotop. Dari empat isotop yang ada di alam, tidak satupun yang bersifat
radioaktif. Belerang dengan bentuk yang sangat halus, dikenal sebagai bunga
belerang, dan diperoleh dengan cara sublimasi. Berikut adalah sifat kimia dan
sifat fisika dari unsur belerang :</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fase Solid<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis (sekitar suhu kamar) (alfa)2.08 g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis (sekitar suhu kamar) (beta)1,96 g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis (sekitar suhu kamar) (gama)1,92 g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis cair pada titik lebur 1.819 g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik lebur 388.36 K(115.21<sup>o</sup>C,239.38<sup>o</sup>F)<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik didih 717.8K(444.6<sup>o</sup>C,832.3<sup>o</sup>F)<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalor peleburan (mono)1.727 kJ/mol<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalor penguapan (mono)45kJ/mol<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitas kalor (25<sup>o</sup>C)22.75J/(mol.K)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang juga memiliki sifat-sifat kealotropan. Berikut
adalah sifat fisika dan sifat kimianya :</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat-sifat fisika dan kealotropan</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan
unsur bukan logam, padat berwarna kuning pucat, tanpa bau dan rasa. Konduktor
panas dan bukan konduktor listrik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> Belerang tidak terlarut dalam air, larut sederhana
dalam benzene dan larut dengan baik dalam karbon disulfide</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat sejumlah alotrop untuk
belarang : </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklooktabelerang (S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikloheksabelerang (S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">, alotrop ini dapat disintesiskan
dengan cara mencampur natrium triosulfat dan asam klorida pekat</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklododekabelerang (S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .85pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Sifat-sifat kimia dan kealotropan</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang
dapat bergabung dengan kebanyakan logam pada pemanasan,bereaksi langsung dengan
unsure-unsur bukan logam</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan dan Pengolahan Unsur
Belerang</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang
dihasilkan secara komersial dari sumber mata air hingga endapan garam yang
melengkung sepanjang Lembah Gulf di Amerika Serikat. Menggunakan proses
Frasch, air yang dipanaskan masuk ke dalam sumber mata air untuk mencairkan
belerang, yang kemudian terbawa ke permukaan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang juga
terdapat pada gas alam dan minyak mentah, namun belerang harus dihilangkan dari
keduanya. Awalnya hal ini dilakukan secara kimiawi, yang akhinya membuang
belerang. Namun sekarang, proses yang baru memungkinkan untuk mengambil kembali
belerang yang terbuang. Sejumlah besar belerang diambil dari ladang gas
Alberta.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Frasch</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiga buah pipa yang konsentris ditanamkan ke dalam endapan belerang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 7.1pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ir </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .6pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lewat
panas (165</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .7pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .6pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan dibawah tekanan dimasukkan ke dalam terluar, dan oleh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">suhu yang setinggi ini belerang menjadi mencair</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> Kemudian udara di bawah tekanan
ditiupkan melalui pipa paling dalam</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">
Keadaan ini memaksa belerang cair </span><span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;">ke
permukaan melalui pipa tengah</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">Melalui cara ini didapatkan belerang dengan tingkat
kemurnian 99% </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Proses Claus </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .6pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hydrogen sulfide diekstrak dari gas alam dengan cara penggelembungan gas </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melalui etanolamin, HO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">H</span><sub>2</sub>C<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">H</span><sub>2</sub><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">NH</span><sub>2</sub><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> suatu pelarut
basa organic</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> Proses Clause sangat
mengurangi pencemaran dari pembakaran gas alam dan minyak bumi. Berikut adalah
reaksi yang terjadi dalam pembuatan belerang dengan proses Clause :</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>(g)</sub> + 3/2 O<sub>2(g)</sub>
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> SO<sub>2(g)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g)</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini
dapat digunakan secara langsung untuk pembuatan asam sulfat atau dikonversi
lagi menjadi unsur belerang melalui reaksi dengan H<sub>2</sub>S. Berikut
reaksinya :</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
SO<sub>2(g)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g)</sub> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 3S<sub>(l)</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O <sub>(</sub></span><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l</span></sub><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1975,
ahli kimia dari Universitas Pensilvania melaporkan pembuatan polimer belerang
nitrida, yang memiliki sifat logam, meski tidak mengandung atom logam sama
sekali. Zat ini memiliki sifat elektris dan optik yang tidak biasa.Belerang
dengan kemurnian 99.999+% sudah tersedia secara komersial.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang amorf
atau belerang plastik diperoleh dengan pendinginan dari kristal secara mendadak
dan cepat. Studi dengan sinar X menunjukkan bahwa belerang amorf memiliki
struktur helik dengan delapan atom pada setiap spiralnya. Kristal belerang
diduga terdiri dari bentuk cincin dengan delapan atom belerang, yang saling
menguatkan sehingga memberikan pola sinar X yang normal.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan Belerang</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang adalah
komponen serbuk mesiu dan digunakan dalam proses vulkanisasi karet alam dan
juga berperaan sebagai fungisida. Belerang digunakan besar-besaran dalam
pembuatan pupuk fosfat. Berton-ton belerang digunakan untuk menghasilkan
asam sulfat, bahan kimia yang sangat penting. Belerang juga digunakan untuk
pembuatan kertas sulfit dan kertas lainnya, untuk mensterilkan alat pengasap,
dan untuk memutihkan buah kering. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belerang merupakan insultor yang baik. Belerang sangat penting untuk
kehidupan. Belerang adalah penyusun lemak, cairan tubuh dan mineral tulang,
dalam kadar yang sedikit. Belerang cepat menghilangkan bau. Belerang dioksida
adalah zat berbahaya di atmosfer, sebagai pencemar udara.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam Belerang</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elemental sulfur
terutama digunakan sebagai prekursor untuk bahan kimia lainnya. Sekitar 85%
(1989) diubah menjadi asam sulfat (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>): </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 S + 3 O<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan asam
sulfat merupakan pusat penting ekonomi dunia, produksi dan konsumsi merupakan
indikator perkembangan industri suatu negara Sebagai contoh, dengan 36,1 juta
metrik ton. 2007, Amerika Serikat menghasilkan lebih asam sulfat per tahun
dibandingkan dengan industri kimia anorganik lainnya. Penggunaan utama adalah
asam fosfat ekstraksi bijih untuk produksi manufaktur pupuk. Aplikasi lain asam
sulfat termasuk penyulingan minyak, pengolahan air limbah, dan ekstraksi
mineral.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kimia Belerang
dalam Skala Besar</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sulfur bereaksi
secara langsung dengan metana untuk memberikan karbon disulfida, yang digunakan
untuk membuat plastik dan rayon. Salah satu manfaat langsung dari belerang
dalam vulkanisasi karet, di mana polysulfides crossling polimer organik.
Sulfida secara luas digunakan untuk kertas pemutih. Sulfida juga digunakan
sebagai pengawet dalam buah kering. Banyak surfaktan dan deterjen, untuk
misalnya natrium lauril sulfat, diproduksi berasal sulfat. Kalsium sulfat,
gypsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub> 2H<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) ditambang pada skala 100 juta ton setiap tahun untuk digunakan dalam
semen Portland dan pupuk. Ketika perak berbasis luas natrium, fotografi dan
amonium tiosulfat banyak digunakan sebagai "agen untuk memperbaiki."
Sulfur merupakan komponen mesiu.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pupuk</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sulfur semakin
banyak digunakan sebagai komponen pupuk. Bentuk yang paling penting dari sulfur
untuk pupuk adalah mineral kalsium sulfat. Unsur belerang adalah hidrofobik
(yaitu, tidak larut dalam air) dan karena itu tidak dapat langsung dimanfaatkan
oleh tanaman. Seiring waktu, bakteri tanah dapat dikonversi menjadi turunan
larut yang kemudian dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman. Belerang juga meningkatkan
efisiensi penggunaan lain nutrisi tanaman penting, terutama nitrogen dan
fosfor. Partikel-partikel yang dihasilkan sulfur biologis secara alamiah
lapisan hidrofilik biopolimer jatuh tempo. belerang ini adalah karena itu lebih
mudah untuk membubarkan atas tanah (melalui penyemprotan sebagai lumpur
diencerkan), dan hasil dalam rilis lebih cepat</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat tanaman
belerang sama dengan atau melebihi orang-orang untuk fosfor. Ini adalah salah
satu nutrisi utama penting bagi pertumbuhan tanaman, kacang-kacangan dan
pembentukan bintil akar mekanisme perlindungan tanaman. Kekurangan Belerang
telah menyebar luas di banyak negara di Eropa</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena masukan atmosfer sulfur akan terus menurun, defisit di masukan
sulfur / output cenderung meningkat, kecuali pupuk belerang digunakan .</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan
Kimia Halus</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa organosulfur juga digunakan
dalam obat-obatan, pewarna, dan bahan kimia pertanian. Banyak obat yang
mengandung belerang, contoh-contoh awal obat sulfa. Belerang adalah bagian dari
banyak molekul pertahanan bakteri. Beta-laktam Kebanyakan antibiotik, termasuk
penisilin, sefalosporin dan monolactams mengandung sulfur. Magnesium sulfat,
lebih dikenal sebagai garam Epsom, dapat digunakan sebagai pencahar, sebuah
aditif mandi, suplemen, sebuah magnesium exfoliant untuk tanaman, atau mesin
pengering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungisida
dan Pestisida</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unsur belerang
adalah salah satu tertua fungisida dan pestisida. Sulfur debu, unsur belerang
dalam bentuk bubuk, fungisida umum untuk anggur, stroberi, banyak sayuran dan
tanaman lainnya. Hal ini memiliki khasiat yang baik terhadap berbagai jamur
penyakit tepung dan bercak hitam. Dalam produksi organik, sulfur adalah
fungisida yang paling penting. Ini adalah fungisida hanya digunakan dalam
produksi pertanian apel organik terhadap penyakit kudis apel besar dalam
kondisi dingin. Biosulfur (biologis yang dihasilkan unsur belerang dengan
karakteristik hidrofilik) dapat digunakan baik untuk aplikasi ini.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ormulasi debu Standar-sulfur diterapkan pada tanaman dengan kain lap belerang
atau debu dari pesawat. belerang dapat dibasahi adalah nama komersial untuk
debu belerang dicampur dengan bahan tambahan untuk membuatnya larut dalam air
ini memiliki aplikasi yang serupa dan digunakan sebagai fungisida terhadap
jamur, jamur dan masalah lain yang terkait dengan tanaman dan tanah. Sulfur
juga digunakan sebagai "organik" (yaitu "hijau")
insektisida (acaricide sebenarnya merupakan) terhadap kutu dan tungau. Sebuah
metode yang umum digunakan adalah debu pakaian atau anggota badan dengan belerang
bubuk. pemilik ternak Beberapa blok garam belerang didefinisikan sebagai
menjilati garam.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b> SELENIUM</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa dan </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eaksinya dengan
</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nsur </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ain</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa dengan Khalkogen</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium bereaksi dengan
unsur oksigen menghasilkan selenium dioksida ( SeO<sub>2</sub>):</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Se + O<sub>2</sub> → 8 SeO<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SeO<sub>2</sub>
dapat membentuk rantai polimer yang panjang. selenium dioksida dapat beraksi
air untuk membentuk asam selenit, H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub>. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SeO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam selenit
dapat juga dibuat secara langsung dengan mereaksikan selenium dengan asam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nitrat:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 Se + 4 HNO<sub>3</sub>
→ 3 H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub> + 4 NO</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium dioksida
dapat bereaksi dengan basa:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SeO<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH → Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hidrogen Sulfida
bereaksi dengan mengandung asam selenit menghasilkan selenium disulfida:<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>S → SeS<sub>2</sub>
+ 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elenium dioksida dapat
beraksi hidrogen peroksida menghasilkan asam selenat, H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub>
:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SeO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>→ H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam selenat
bersifat korosif sehingga mampu untuk merusak emas, membentuk emas(III)
selenat:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2Au + 6 H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub> → Au<sub>2</sub>(SeO4)<sub>3</sub> + 3
H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa dengan Halogen </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium bereaksi dengan
fluorin untuk membentuk selenium heksafluorida:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Se + 3F<sub>2 </sub>→ SeF<sub>6</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SeF<sub>6</sub> merupakan
racun yang dapat mengiritasi paru-paru. hal tersebut menyebabkan radang dingin
(hipotermia) dan dapat menimbulkan iritasi yang parah jika terkena kulit.
Selenium bereaksi dengan bromin untuk membentuk heksabromida selenium:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Se(s) + 3Br2(g) SeBr6(g)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa dengan logam
(Selenida)</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa selenium
dimana selenium mempunyai bilangan oksidasi −2. Sebagai contoh, reaksi dengan
aluminum membentuk aluminum selenida. Berikut ini adalah reaksinya:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3Se + 2 Al → Al<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi Selenium dengan Logam Besi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Se + Fe(s) SeFe</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenida yang
lain yaitu timbal selenida ( PbSe), seng selenida ( ZnSe) galium dan indium
tembaga diselenide ( Cu(Ga,In)Se<sub>2</sub>). Galium indium tembaga diselenida
( Cu(Ga,In)Se<sub>2</sub>) merupakan suatu semikonduktor. Selenium tidak
bereaksi secara langsung dengan hidrogen; untuk mendapatkan hidrogen selenida.
Maka selenium direaksikan dengan logam untuk menghasilkan suatu selenida, dan
kemudian direaksikan dengan air untuk menghasilkan H2Se. contohnya:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 Se + 2 Al → Al<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">⇌</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>Se </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa lainnya</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium bereaksi dengan sianida untuk menghasilkan selenosianat. Sebagai
contoh:<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KCN + Se → KSeCN</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat Fisika dan Kimia</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut adalah sifat</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> fisika </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan sifat </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kimi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a dari unsur </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fase Solid<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis (sekitar suhu kamar) (</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gray</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)2.8</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis (sekitar suhu kamar) (beta)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,38</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis (sekitar suhu kamar) (</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">viterous</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,28</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis cair pada titik lebur </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,88</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik lebur </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">484</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> K(</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">221</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">430</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F)<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik didih </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">958</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">685</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C,</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1265</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F)<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalor peleburan (mono)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6,68</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kJ/mol<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalor penguapan (mono)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">95,48</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kJ/mol<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitas kalor (25<sup>o</sup>C)2</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">363</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J/(mol.K)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isotop</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium memiliki enam isotop alami, lima di antaranya adalah stabil: <sup>74</sup>Se,
<sup>76</sup>Se, <sup>77</sup>Se, <sup>78</sup>Se, dan <sup>80</sup>Se. Tiga
terakhir juga terjadi sebagai produk fisi, bersama dengan <sup>79</sup>Se, yang
memiliki paruh 327.000 tahun. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sotop alami
akhir, <sup>82</sup>Se, mempunyai waktu paruh sangat panjang (~ 1020 thn,
membusuk melalui peluruhan beta ganda untuk <sup>82</sup>Kr), yang, untuk
tujuan praktis, dapat dianggap stabil.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dua puluh tiga isotop stabil lainnya telah ditandai. Lihat juga Selenium-79
untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang perubahan terbaru dalam paruh diukur
produk fisi berumur panjang, penting untuk perhitungan dosis yang dilakukan dalam
rangka pembuangan limbah radioaktif geologi berumur panjang.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik Selenium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium memiliki
sifat fotovoltaik, yakni mengubah cahaya menjadi listrik, dan sifat
fotokonduktif, yakni menunjukkan penurunan hambatan listrik dengan meningkatnya
cahaya dari luar (menjadi penghantar listrik ketika terkena cahaya dengan
energi yang cukup). </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium yang
dipanaskan diatas titik lelehnya dan didinginkan kembali , akan berbentuk
seperti kaca berwarna merah sebagai campuran beberapa bentuk alotropi. Bentuk
amorf merah diperoleh dari reaksi belerang dioksida dengan larutan asam
selenit. Reaksinya yaitu: H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub>
+ 2S</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O</span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> → Se + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk amorf merah tersebut bila dipanaskan diatas 150 <sup>o</sup> C akan
berubah bentuk heksagonal abu-abu yakni bentuk stabil pada suhu kamar. Bentuk
ini mempunyai sifat logam yaitu menghantar listrik bila disinari. Dalam jumlah
sedikit selenium bersifat non toksik, dan menjadi kebutuhan unsur yang penting.
Selenium dalam keadaan padat, dalam jumlah yang cukup banyak dalam tanah, dapat
memberikan dampak yang fatal pada tanaman pakan hewan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan dan Pengolahan Unsur
Selenium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Native selenium adalah mineral langka, yang biasanya tidak membentuk
kristal yang baik, tapi, ketika itu terjadi, mereka rhombohedrons kristal
sedikit curam atau acicular (rambut seperti). Isolasi selenium seringkali rumit
oleh kehadiran senyawa lain dan elemen. Kebanyakan selenium elemental datang
sebagai produk sampingan dari pemurnian tembaga atau menghasilkan asam sulfat</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produksi industri sering melibatkan ekstraksi selenium dari residu selenium
dioksida diperoleh selama pemurnian tembaga. Common produksi dimulai dengan
oksidasi dengan natrium karbonat untuk menghasilkan dioksida selenium. Selenium
dioksida ini kemudian dicampur dengan air dan solusinya adalah diasamkan untuk
membentuk asam selenous (langkah oksidasi). asam Selenous adalah menggelegak
dengan belerang dioksida (langkah pengurangan) untuk memberikan selenium
elemen.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unsur selenium diproduksi dalam reaksi kimia selalu muncul sebagai bentuk
amorf merah: serbuk, larut bata-merah. Ketika formulir ini cepat mencair,
membentuk bentuk, vitreous hitam, yang biasanya dijual industri sebagai
manik-manik. Bentuk selenium yang paling termodinamika stabil dan padat abu-abu
adalah elektrik konduktif (trigonal) bentuk, yang terdiri dari rantai heliks
panjang atom selenium</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konduktivitas dari formulir ini sangat sensitif terhadap cahaya. Selenium
juga ada dalam tiga bentuk yang berbeda-merah di kristal monoklinik, yang
terdiri dari Se8 molekul, mirip dengan banyak alotrop belerang</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Namun, selenium tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang tidak biasa di viskositas
bahwa pengalaman sulfur ketika dipanaskan secara bertahap.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan Selenium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium
digunakan sebagai tinta fotografi untuk memperbanyak salinan dokumen, surat dan
lain-lain. Juga digunakan dalam industri kaca untuk mewarnai kaca dan lapisan
email gigi yang berwarna rubi. Juga digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pembutan
baja tahan karat. Selenium adalah mineral penting yang sangat dibutuhkan
oleh tubuh sebagai antioksidan untuk meredam aktivitas radikal bebas. Selenium
tidak diproduksi oleh tubuh, tetapi diperoleh dari konsumsi makanan
sehari-hari. Sumber utama selenium adalah tumbuh-tumbuhan dan makanan laut.
Orang dewasa dianjurkan untuk mengonsumsi, 55 mikrogram (mcg) selenium setiap
hari. Namun perempuan dewasa yang sedang hamil dianjurkan meningkatkan asupan
selenium menjadi 60 mcg per hari. Kebutuhan tersebut akan meningkat saat
seorang ibu harus menyusui, menjadi sebesar 70 mcg per hari.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat Selenium bagi Tubuh</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Menangkal radikal
bebas.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Didalam tubuh
setiap orang terdapat kemampuan untuk melawan radikal bebas yang bisa
menghancurkan sel dan menimbulkan berbagai penyakit berbahaya seperti kanker,
penyakit jantung, dan penuaan dini. Di dalam tubuh, selenium bekerja sama
dengan vitamin E sebagai zat antioksidan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Meningkatkan kekebalan
tubuh.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selenium dapat
memperbaiki sistem imunitas (kekebalan tubuh) dan fungsi kelenjar tiroid. <br />
<i>3. Mempertahankan elastisitas jaringan tubuh</i></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersama vitamin
E, selenium berfungsi mempertahankan elastisitas jaringan dan bila kadar
selenium berkurang maka tubuh akan mengalami penuaan dini, yaitu kondisi sel
yang rusak sebelum waktunya.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak Selenium </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak Kekurangan Selenium Bagi Tubuh</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala-gejala
yang timbul akibat kekurangan selenium, bisa dijelaskan dengan berkurangnya
antioksidan dalam jantung, hati dan otot, yang mengakibatkan kematian jaringan
dan kegagalan organ. Penyembuhan total dapat dicapai dengan pemberian selenium.
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Dampak Kelebihan
Selenium Bagi Tubuh </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan
Selenium dapat menimbulkan efek yang sangat berbahaya, yang bisa diakibatkan
karena mengkonsumsi tambahan selenium yang melebihi dosis. Dosis yang
dianjurkan yaitu sebanyak 5-50 miligram/hari. Gejalanya terdiri dari: </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- mual dan muntah
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- rambut dan kuku rontok </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- kerusakan saraf</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b> TELURIUM</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ejarah Telurium </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Te )</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium ditemukan oleh Muller von
Reichenstein pada tahun 1782; diberi nama oleh Klaproth, yang telah
mengisolasinya pada tahun 1798. Telurium kadang-kadang dapat ditemukan di alam,
tapi lebih sering sebagai senyawa tellurida dari emas (kalaverit), dan
bergabung dengan logam lainnya. Telurium didapatkan secara komersil dari lumpur
anoda yang dihasilkan selama proses pemurnian elektrolisis tembaga panas.
Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Peru dan Jepang adalah penghasil terbesar unsur
ini. Ada 30 isotop telurium yang telah dikenali, dengan massa atom berkisar
antara 108 hingga 137.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Telurium di alam hanya terdiri dari delapan
isotop. Telurium dan senyawanya kemungkinan beracun dan harus ditangani dengan
hati-hati. Hanya boleh terpapar dengan telurium dengan konsentrasi serendah
0.01 mg/m3, atau lebih rendah, dan pada konsentrasi ini telurium memiliki bau
khas yang menyerupai bau bawang putih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa dan </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eaksinya dengan
</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nsur </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ain</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Telurida </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elurida merupakan senyawa tellurium dimana telurium memiliki bilangan
oksidasi -2, contohnya seng telurida (ZnTe), dibentuk melalui pemanasan
telurium dengan seng .</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Zn + Te → ZnTe</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ZnTe dapat bereaksi
dengan asam klorida menghasilkan hidrogen telurida (H2Te). Reaksinya yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ZnTe + 2 HCl → ZnCl<sub>2
</sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>Te</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halida </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium
heksafluorida paling sering dibuat dengan mereaksikan gas fluorin dengan
telurium pada 150 ° C. Reaksinya yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Te + 3 F<sub>2</sub> →
TeF<sub>6</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tellurium
heksafluorida adalah gas tidak berwarna yang sangat beracun dengan bau seperti
bawang putih. Reaksi antara tellurium dengan gas klor menghasilkan tellurium
tetraklorida.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Te + 2 Cl<sub>2</sub> → TeCl</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium
tetraklorida adalah senyawa anorganik mudah menguap pada 200 ° C pada tekanan
0,1 mm Hg.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tellurium juga dapat
membentuk tetrahalida lainnya yaitu TeI<sub>4</sub>, dan TeBr<sub>4 </sub>dengan
biloks +4.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senyawa dengan oksigen</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium dioksida
terbentuk dengan memanaskan telurium di udara, menyebabkan telurium terbakar
dengan nyala biru. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Te + O<sub>2</sub> → TeO<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium dioksida
bereaksi dengan air yang membentuk asam tellurous (H<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub>).
<br />
TeO<sub>2</sub>
+ H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis ikatan
dengan unsur lain</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikatan kovalen
adalah ikatan antar atom-atom yang menggunakan pasangan elektron bersama.
Ikatan kovalen dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Ikatan kovalen polar</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikatan kovalen
polar adalah ikatan yang dibentuk oleh atom-atom yang beda keelektronegatifan,
strukturnya berbentuk tidak simetris . misalnya pada H<sub>2</sub>Te. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Ikatan kovalen
nonpolar</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikatan kovalen
polar adalah ikatan yang dibentuk oleh atom-atom yang keelektronegatifan yang
hampir sama dan strukturnya berbentuk simetris. Misalnya pada TeF<sub>6</sub> .</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Kovalen koordinasi</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kovalen
koordinasi adalah ikatan antar atom-atom diamana pasangan elektron yang dipakai
bersama oleh dua atom hanya berasal dari satu atom saja . Misalnya pada rantai
TeO<sub>2</sub>. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat Fisika dan Kimia</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika kristal,
telurium adalah putih keperakan dan ketika dalam keadaan murni memiliki kilau
metalik. Hal ini rapuh dan mudah dilumatkan metalloid. Amorf telurium ditemukan
oleh pengendapan dari larutan atau asam tellurous telurik (Te(OH)<sub>6</sub>)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Telurium adalah semikonduktor tipe-p yang menunjukkan konduktivitas
listrik yang lebih besar dalam arah tertentu tergantung pada penyelarasan atom;
konduktivitas sedikit meningkat ketika terkena cahaya (fotokonduktivitas).
Ketika dalam keadaan cair nya, telurium adalah korosif terhadap tembaga, besi
dan stainless steel</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium
mengadopsi struktur polimer, yang terdiri dari zig-zag rantai atom Te. Bahan
ini tahan oksidasi abu-abu dengan udara dan terbang.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut adalah sifat</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> fisika </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan sifat </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kimi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a dari unsur </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fase Solid<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6,24</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa jenis (</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam cairan) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,96 g/cm3<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik lebur </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">722</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 K(</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">448,51</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C)<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Titik didih </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1261</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">998</span><sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">o</span></sup><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C)<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalor peleburan (mono)17</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,48</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kJ/mol<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalor penguapan (mono)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 114,1 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kJ/mol<br />
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapasitas kalor (25<sup>o</sup>C)2</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.7</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">J/(mol.K)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isotop</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium memiliki
delapan isotop alami. Empat dari mereka isotop, <sup>122</sup>Te, <sup>124</sup>Te,
<sup>125</sup>Te dan <sup>126</sup>Te, stabil. Yang lain empat, <sup>120</sup>Te,
<sup>123</sup>Te, <sup>128</sup>Te dan <sup>130</sup>Te, telah dikenal untuk
radioaktif isotop stabil membuat hanya 33,2% dari telurium alam;. Hal ini
dimungkinkan karena paruh panjang isotop yang tidak stabil. Mereka berada di
kisaran 1013-2,2 di 1024 tahun (untuk <sup>128</sup>Te). Hal ini membuat isotop
<sup>128</sup>Te dengan paruh terpanjang di antara semua radionuklida., bahwa
sekitar 160 triliun kali usia alam semesta.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut adalah 38
isomer nuklir dikenal telurium dengan massa atom berkisar 105-142. Telurium
adalah unsur teringan diketahui mengalami peluruhan alfa <sup>110</sup>Te <sup>106</sup>Te
isotop dengan kemampuan untuk menjalani pembusukan ini Massa atom telurium
(127,60 g · mol - 1) melebihi yodium. elemen berikutnya (mol g · 126,90-1).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakteristik Telurium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium bersifat
rapuh dan agak beracun. Ketika berbentuk kristal, telurium merupakan metalloid
berwarna putih keperakan mirip dengan timah dan bila dalam keadaan murni
memiliki kilap logam</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amorf telurium
diperoleh melalui pengendapan dari larutan asam tellurit. Telurium adalah
sebuah semikonduktor yang memiliki konduktivitas listrik sedikit meningkat bila
terkena cahaya (fotokonduktivitas). Ketika dalam keadaan cair nya, telurium
bersifat korosif terhadap tembaga, besi dan baja. Bila dipanasi di udara,
tellurium terbakar dengan nyala kehijauan membentuk TeO<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan dan Pengolahan Unsur
Telurium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber utama
telurium adalah dari lumpur anoda dihasilkan selama pemurnian secara
elektrolisa tembaga dari lecet. Ini adalah komponen dari debu ledakan tungku
dari pemurnian timah. 500 ton bijih tembaga pengobatan biasanya memproduksi
satu pon (0,45 kg) telurium. Telurium diproduksi terutama di Amerika Serikat,
Peru, Jepang, dan Kanada</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk tahun 2006,
British Geological Survey memberikan nomor-nomor berikut: Amerika Serikat 50 t,
37 t Peru, Jepang dan Kanada 11 24 t.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deposisi anoda
berisi selenides dan tellurides dari logam mulia dalam senyawa dengan rumus
M2Se atau M2Te (M = Cu, Ag, Au). Pada suhu 500 ° C anoda lumpur dipanggang
dengan karbonat natrium di bawah udara. Ion logam direduksi menjadi logam,
sementara Telluride diubah menjadi tellurite natrium.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M<sub>2</sub>Te + O<sub>2</sub>
+ Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → Na<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub> + 2 M + CO<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tellurites bisa
kehabisan campuran dengan air dan biasanya hadir sebagai hydrotellurites HTeO<sup>3-</sup>dalam
larutan. Selenites juga terbentuk selama proses ini, tetapi mereka dapat
dipisahkan dengan menambahkan asam sulfat. Telurium hydrotellurites dioksida
dikonversi menjadi larut sementara selenites tinggal dalam larutan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HTeO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> + OH<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
→ TeO<sub>2</sub> + 2 SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurangan
dengan logam dilakukan baik oleh elektrolisis atau dengan reaksi dioksida
telurium dengan belerang dioksida dalam asam sulfat.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TeO<sub>2</sub> +
2 SO<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O → Te + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 4 H<sup>+</sup></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elurium Komersial-kelas biasanya dipasarkan sebagai bedak minus 200 mesh,
tetapi juga tersedia sebagai slab, ingot, batang, atau benjolan. Akhir tahun
harga telurium pada tahun 2000 adalah US $ 14 per pon. Dalam beberapa tahun
terakhir, harga telurium didorong oleh peningkatan permintaan dan penawaran
terbatas, bahkan di US $ 100 per pon di tahun 2006.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan Telurium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium
digunakan dalam tellurida kadmium (CdTe) sebagai panel surya. Panel surya CdTe
ini digunakan untuk mencapai beberapa efisiensi sel tertinggi dalam pembangkit
listrik tenaga surya. Produksi panel surya CdTe untuk komersial dilakukan oleh
Perusahaan First Solar. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium
memperbaiki kemampuan tembaga dan baja agar tahan terhadap karat . Penambahan
telurium pada timbal dapat mengurangi reaksi korosi timbal oleh asam sulfat,
dan juga memperbaiki kekuatan dan kekerasannya. Telurium dapat digunakan untuk
mengvulkanisir karet. Karet yang dihasilkan dengan cara ini mengalami
peningkatan ketahanan panas.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi unsure tellurium adalah pada :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metalurgi</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">onsumen </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erbesar telurium adalah metalurgi, di mana ia digunakan dalam besi, tembaga
dan paduan timbal. Bila ditambahkan ke stainless steel dan tembaga yang membuat
logam lebih machinable. Ini adalah paduan dalam besi cor untuk dinginkan untuk
tujuan mempromosikan spektroskopi, sebagai keberadaan grafit bebas elektrik
konduktif deleteriously mempengaruhi hasil cenderung memicu uji emisi. Dalam
memimpin untuk meningkatkan kekuatan dan daya tahan dan mengurangi aksi korosif
asam sulfat.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semi
Konduktor Dan Penggunaan Industri Elektronik</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium digunakan dalam kadmium (CdTe) Telluride panel
surya. National Renewable Energy Laboratory pengujian laboratorium menggunakan
bahan ini mencapai beberapa efisiensi sel tertinggi untuk pembangkit tenaga
surya. produksi komersial berskala besar panel surya CdTe oleh First Solar
dalam beberapa tahun terakhir telah meningkat secara signifikan permintaan
telurium</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika beberapa kadmium dalam CdTe. ia digantikan oleh seng
(Cd, Zn) detektor Te dibentuk yang digunakan dalam ray solid-state x-.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipasangkan dengan baik kadmium dan merkuri, untuk
membentuk merkuri kadmium Telluride, bahan semikonduktor sensitif inframerah
terbentuk. Organotellurium senyawa, seperti dimetil Telluride, Telluride
dietil, diisopropil Telluride, Telluride Telluride metil alil dialil dan
digunakan sebagai prekursor untuk uap epitaksi metalorganik fase pertumbuhan
senyawa II-VI semikonduktor. Telluride diisopropil (DIPTe) yang digunakan
sebagai prekursor pilihan untuk mencapai CdHgTe pertumbuhan rendah suhu oleh
MOVPE.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk proses ini kemurnian tertinggi dari metalorganics
selenium dan telurium digunakan. Senyawa untuk industri semikonduktor dan
disusun oleh pemurnian pengadukan sebagai media lapisan telurium telurium
suboxide digunakan dalam beberapa jenis cakram optik ditulis ulang, termasuk
compact disc rewritable (CD-RW), ditulis ulang Digital Video. Disc (DVD-RW) dan
Blu-ray Disc tulis-ulang</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telurium ini.
fase dari chip memori yang digunakan dalam perubahan baru. yang dikembangkan
oleh Intel Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) dan memimpin Telluride ini. elemen kerja
perangkat thermoelectric. Lead Telluride digunakan dalam detektor
inframerah-jauh.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan
Lain</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk warna
keramik</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perbaikan refraksi optik pada penambahan selenides dan
tellurides ke dalam gelas yang digunakan dalam produksi serat gelas untuk
telekomunikasi. Chalcogenide gelas banyak digunakan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk c</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ampuran selenium dan telurium digunakan dengan barium peroksida sebagai
oksidan dalam penundaan bubuk tutup peledak listrik</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organik tellurides telah dipekerjakan sebagai inisiator untuk hidup
polimerisasi radikal dan elektron</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aya mono dan di tellurides memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Karet bisa
vulkanisat dengan belerang atau selenium-telurium sebagai gantinya. Karet yang
diproduksi dengan cara ini menunjukkan peningkatan ketahanan panas. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ellurite agar-agar digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi anggota genus
Corynebacterium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae sebagian besar biasanya, patogen
yang bertanggung jawab atas difteri.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><b> POLONIUM</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Po</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> )</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium adalah
suatu </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">unsur kimia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tabel periodik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang memiliki lambang Po dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nomor atom</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 84. Unsur radioaktif yang langka ini termasuk kelompok metaloid yang
memiliki sifat kimia yang mirip dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">telurium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bismut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Polonium merupakan unsur radioaktif yang terbentuk secara alami di kerak
bumi dan merupakan elemen pertama yang ditemukan berdasarkan sifat
radioaktifnya. Polonium ditemukan di pithblende pada 1989 oleh ahli kimia
Prancis yaitu Marie Curie, dinamakan berdasarkan Negara asalnya Polandia.
Polonium adalah salah satu elemen dari uranium-radium dan merupakan anggota
dari uranium-238. Polonium adalah unsur yang sangat jarang di alam. Jumlah
elemen ini terjadi dalam batuan yang mengandung radium. Polonium meleleh pada
suhu 254 °C ( sekitar 489 °F ), mendidih pada suhu 962 °C (
sekitar 1764 °F ), dan memiliki spesifik gravitasi 9.3 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu
anggota golongan 6A ini memiliki 33 isotop yang dikenal, yang semuanya termasuk
radioaktif. Mereka memiliki massa atom berkisar 188-220 u. polonium-209
memiliki waktu paruh 103 tahun, polonium-208 dan waktu paruhnya 2,9 tahun.
Polonium 210 (juga disebut radium-F) adalah isotop paling umum yang paling
sering digunakan dan memiliki waktu paruh 138 hari. Banyak isotop lain
yang sudah berhasil disintesis. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium-210
adalah isotop yang paling dominan dan terbentuk secara alami dan salah satu
yang paling banyak digunakan. Polonium-210 sangat berbahaya untuk ditangani
meski hanya sejumlah milligram atau mikrogram. Diperlukan peralatan khusus dan
kontrol yang ketat untuk menanganinya. Kerusakan timbul dari penyerapan
energi partikel alfa oleh jaringan makhluk hidup. Batas penyerapan
polonium maksimum lewat jalan pernafasan yang masih diizinkan hanya 0.03
mikrocurie, yang sebanding dengan berat hanya 6.8 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>gram.
Tingkat toksisitas polonium ini sekitar 2.5 x 10<sup>11</sup> kali daripada
asam sianida. Sedangkan konsentrasi senyawa polonium yang terlarut yang masih
diizinkan adalah maksimal 2 x 10<sup>-11</sup> mikrocurie/cm<sup>3</sup></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan
Pe</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ngolahan</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Unsur Polonium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium adalah
unsur alam yang sangat jarang. Bijih uranium hanya mengandung sekitar 100
mikrogram unsur polonium per tonnya. Ketersediaan polonium hanya 0.2% dari
radium. Pada tahun 1934, para ahli menemukan bahwa ketika mereka menembak
bismut alam (<sup>209</sup>Bi) dengan neutron, diperoleh <sup>210</sup>Bi yang
merupakan induk polonium. Sejumlah milligram polonium kini didapatkan dengan
cara seperti ini, dengan menggunakan tembakan neutron berintensitas tinggi
dalam reaktor nuklir.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium-210
adalah yang paling banyak tersedia. Isotop dengan massa 209 (masa paruh waktu
10<sup>3</sup> tahun) dan massa 208(masa paruh waktu 2.9 tahun) bisa didapatkan
dengan menembakkan alfa, proton, atau deutron pada timbal atau bismut dalam
siklotron, tapi proses ini terlalu mahal. Logam polonium telah dibuat dari
polonium hidroksida dan senyawa polonium dengan adanya ammonia cair anhidrat
atau ammonia cair pekat. Diketahui ada dua modifikasi alotrop.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium-210
meluruh dengan memancarkan partikel alpha. 1mg polonium 210 memancarkan
partikel alpha sebagai radium-226 sebanyak 5 g. energy yang dilepaskan
sangatlah besar yaitu 140 watt/g.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eluruhan isotop Radon-222 (Rn-222), memancarkan <b>partikel alfa</b>.
Reaksi yang terjadi adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">86</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rn<sup>222</sup> → <sub>84</sub>Po<sup>218</sup> + <sub>2</sub>He<sup>4</sup></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">86</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bi<sup>214</sup> → <sub>84</sub>Po<sup>214 </sup>+ <sub>2</sub>e</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fisika dan Kimia</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium 210
memiliki titik cair yang rendah, logam yang mudah menguap, dengan 50% polonium
menguap di udara dalam 45 jam pada suhu 55<sup>o</sup>C. Merupakan pemancar
alpha dengan masa paruh waktu 138.39 hari. Satu milligram memancarkan partikel
alfa seperti 5 gram radium. Energi yang dilepaskan dengan pancarannya sangat
besar (140 W/gram); dengan sebuah kapsul yang mengandung setengah gram polonium
mencapai suhu di atas 500oC. Kapsul ini juga menghasilkan sinar gamma dengan
kecepatan dosisnya 0.012 Gy/jam. Sejumlah curie (1 curie = 3.7 x 1010Bq)
polonium mengeluarkan kilau biru yang disebabkan eksitasi di sekitar gas.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium mudah
larut dalam asam encer, tapi hanya sedikit larut dalam basa. Garam polonium
dari asam organik terbakar dengan cepat; halida amina dapat mereduksi nya
menjadi logam</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat kimia polonium adalah mirip dengan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">telurium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan bismut. Polonium mudah larut dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> encer, tetapi hanya sedikit </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">larut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alkali</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Senyawa hidrogen </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Poh <sub>2</sub></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah cair pada suhu kamar ( </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">titik lebur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> -36,1 ° C, </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">titik didih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 35,3 ° C). struktur </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Halida</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang dikenal Cacar <sub>2,</sub> cacar <sub>4</sub> dan <sub>6</sub>
Cacar. Kedua oksida Poo Poo <sub>2</sub> dan <sub>3</sub> adalah produk dari
oksidasi polonium. Telah dilaporkan bahwa beberapa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mikroba</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat membentuk senyawa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">methylate</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> polonium oleh aksi </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">methylcobalamin</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Hal ini mirip dengan cara di mana </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">merkuri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">selenium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">telurium</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan alkohol pada makhluk hidup untuk menciptakan senyawa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organologam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sebagai hasil ketika mempertimbangkan pembentukan senyawa biokimia dari
polonium harus mempertimbangkan kemungkinan bahwa polonium akan mengikuti jalur
biokimia yang sama seperti selenium dan telurium. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena kebanyakan
isotop Polonium terintegrasi dari pemecahan partikel alpha berenergi tinggi
dalam jumlah besar dari elemen ini merupakan sumber yang baik bagi radiasi
alpha. Polonium digunakan dalam percobaan nuklir dengan elemen sepeti Berilium
yang melepas neutron saat ditembak partikel alpha. Dalam percetakan dan alat
photografi, polonium digunakan dalam alat yang mengionisasi udara untuk
menghilangkan kumpulan arus elektrostatis. Radioaktivitas yang besar dari unsur
ini menyebabkan radiasi yang berbahaya bahkan pada sekumpulan kecil unsur
Polonium.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aplikasi</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika campuran
atau paduan dengan berilium, polonium bisa menjadi sumber neutron: neutron
berilium penyerapan partikel alpha pada rilis yang disediakan oleh <sup>210</sup>Po.
Telah digunakan dalam kapasitas sebagai pemicu atau inisiator neutron untuk
senjata nuklir Namun,. Lisensi yang diperlukan untuk memiliki dan
mengoperasikan sumber neutron. Kegunaan lain termasuk berikut</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : perangkat yang
menghilangkan listrik statis di pabrik-pabrik tekstil dan tempat-tempat
lainnya. Namun, sumber partikel beta lebih sering digunakan dan kurang
berbahaya. Sebuah alternatif non-radioaktif adalah dengan menggunakan power
supply tegangan tinggi DC untuk mengionisasi udara positif atau negatif
menurut. <sup>210</sup>Po dapat digunakan sebagai sumber panas dari atom untuk
pembangkit tenaga listrik thermoelectric radioisotop melalui bahan
thermoelectric. Karena toksisitasnya sangat tinggi, polonium dapat digunakan
sebagai racun (lihat, sebagai contoh, Alexander Litvinenko keracunan). Polonium
juga digunakan untuk menghilangkan debu pada film.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">©</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produk Komersian yang Mengandung
Polonium</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah berpotensi
mematikan yang hadir polonium di kuas anti-statis dijual kepada fotografer
modul eliminator statis dengan 500 μCi (20 MBq) dari polonium itu.
Tersedia. Di Amerika Serikat, perangkat tidak lebih dari 500 μCi dari (disegel)
210Po per unit dapat dibeli dalam jumlah berapa pun di bawah "lisensi
umum", yang berarti bahwa pembeli tidak perlu didaftarkan oleh otoritas.
Jumlah kecil radioisotop ini kadang-kadang digunakan di laboratorium dan untuk
tujuan pengajaran-biasanya dari urutan 40-40 kBq (0,1-1,0 μCi), dalam bentuk
sumber tertutup, dengan polonium yang disimpan pada substrat atau resin atau
polimer matriks-sering dibebaskan dari lisensi oleh NRC dan otoritas yang sama
seperti mereka tidak dianggap berbahaya. Sejumlah kecil 210Po diproduksi untuk
dijual kepada publik di Amerika Serikat sebagai 'sumber jarum' untuk
eksperimentasi laboratorium, dan ritel oleh perusahaan pemasok ilmiah. polonium
ini sebenarnya lapisan plating yang pada gilirannya disepuh dengan memungkinkan
radiasi alpha perusahaan (yang digunakan dalam percobaan seperti awan spasi)
sementara mencegah pelepasan polonium dan penyajian bahaya beracun. Menurut United
Nuklir, mereka biasanya menjual antara empat dan delapan sumber per tahun </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></i><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tembakau</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kehadiran
polonium dalam asap rokok telah dikenal sejak 1960-an. Beberapa perusahaan
terbesar di dunia tembakau diteliti cara menghapus substansi-untuk tidak
menggunakan-selama 40 tahun tetapi tidak pernah dipublikasikan hasilnya. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">R</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adioaktif polonium-210 yang terkandung dalam pupuk fosfat diserap oleh akar
tanaman (seperti tembakau) dan disimpan dalam jaringan. Tembakau tanaman yang
dipupuk dengan fosfat alam yang mengandung polonium,-210 yang memancarkan
radiasi alpha diperkirakan menyebabkan kematian sekitar 11.700 kanker paru-paru
setiap tahun di seluruh dunia.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></i><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makanan</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polonium juga ditemukan
dalam rantai makanan, terutama di laut</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
kel11.chemist2011http://www.blogger.com/profile/09560710440998365629noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1197694181286958398.post-2154488436353051872012-11-08T20:46:00.000-08:002012-12-13T08:30:55.948-08:00Kimia Unsur<a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/kB1gX8EI/TEkpem_materiupl.html">Kimia Unsur Gol I-IIIA</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/>
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<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
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<br />
<div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; display: none; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bottom
of Form</span></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://catatankimia.com/catatan/golongan-ia-alkali.html"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Golongan
IA (Alkali)</span></b></a></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/alkali-gambar.jpeg"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/alkali-gambar.jpeg?w=459&h=229&h=229" border="0" height="229" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" width="459" /></span></span></a></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Golongan IA atau dikenal dengan nama
golongan “Alkali” adalah kelompok unsur yang bersifat logam. Unsur-unsur ini
digolongkan pada golongan sama karena memiliki kesamaan “jumlah elektron
valensi (elektron pada kulit terluar) berjumlah 1”, dapat dilihat dari
konfigurasi elektronnya sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">No atom</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">unsur</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.75pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jumlah elektron/kulit</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.75pt;" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Konfigurasi elektron</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">litium</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.75pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2, 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.75pt;" width="149"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[He]2s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">natrium</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.75pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2, 8, 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.75pt;" width="149"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[Ne]3s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">19</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">kalium</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.75pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2, 8, 8, 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.75pt;" width="149"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[Ar]4s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">37</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">rubidium</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.75pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2, 8, 18, 8, 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.75pt;" width="149"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[Kr]5s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">55</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">caesium</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.75pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.75pt;" width="149"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[Xe]6s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">87</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 49.5pt;" width="66"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">fransium</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.75pt;" width="153"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 111.75pt;" width="149"><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">[Rn]7s<sup>1</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.catatankimia.com/wp-content/uploads/logamnatrium.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="logam natrium" border="0" height="150" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image003.jpg" width="210" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sifat Fisik Golongan IA</span></h3>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
unsur <a name='more'></a>berwujud padat pada suhu ruangan, kecuali Sesium (Cs) berwujud cair
pada suhu di atas 28°</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur
Li, Na, dan K sangat ringan. Logam Natrium termasuk logam lunak sehingga
dapat dipotong dengan pisau (seperti gambar)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">konduktor
panas yang baik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">titik
didih tinggi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">permukaan
berwarna abu-abu keperakan.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-fisis-alkali.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-fisis-alkali.jpg?w=481&h=320&h=218" border="0" height="218" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image005.jpg" width="481" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setiap unsur memiliki warna yang jelas
dan khas , yaitu :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Litium
(Li) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rightarrow" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> merah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium
(Na) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rightarrow" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> kuning</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalium
(K) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rightarrow" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ungu</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rubidium
(Rb) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rightarrow" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> merah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesium
(Cs) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rightarrow" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="16" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> biru</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sifat Kimia Golongan IA</span></h3>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sangat
reaktif</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
membentuk senyawa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext;"><a href="http://catatankimia.com/catatan/daftar-asam-dan-basa-kuat.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">basa kuat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah
larut dalam air (kelarutannya semakin ke bawah semakin besar)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Termasuk
zat pereduksi kuat (memiliki 1 buah elektron) sehingga mudah mengalami
oksidasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membentuk
kation dengan muatan +1</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bila dibakar akan mengubah
warna nyala api menjadi warna lain, sifat ini yang dapat dijadikan cara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://catatankimia.com/catatan/analisis-kualitatif-dan-kuantitatif.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">analisis kualitatif</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> logam alkali dan dikenal dengan </span><a href="http://catatankimia.com/catatan/uji-warna-nyala.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">tes warna nyala</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-kimia-alkali.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-kimia-alkali.jpg?w=560&h=336&h=278" border="0" height="278" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.jpg" width="560" /></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Golongan alkali termasuk
golongan yang <b>wajib</b> untuk dihapalkan karena termasuk unsur
yang banyak membentuk basa dan garam yang banyak ditemukan di
laboratorium.Semua unsur adalah pembentuk basa kuat yang pasti ditemukan di
setiap laboratorium seperti NaOH dan KOH.Selain pembentuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://catatankimia.com/catatan/daftar-asam-dan-basa-kuat.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">basa ku</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">at, persenyawaan logam alkali lainnya
adalah garam yang jumlahnya sangat banyak seperti NaCl, NaBr, KCl, dll. Khusus
untuk natrium “semua garamnya bersifat larut dalam air”</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Golongan II A (Alkali tanah)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Logam Alkali Tanah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/alkali-tanah-gambar.jpeg"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/alkali-tanah-gambar.jpeg?w=432&h=277&h=231" border="0" height="231" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.jpg" width="432" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">1.Sifat Fisis Alkali Tanah</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Unsur
logam alkali tanah (IIA) ini terdiri dari Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, dan Ra. Golongan
ini mempunyai sifat-sifat yang mirip dengan golongan IA. Perbedaannya adalah
bahwa golongan IIA ini mempunyai konfigurasi elektron ns2 dan merupakan
reduktor yang kuat.Meskipun lebih keras dari golongan IA, tetapi golongan IIA
ini tetap relatif lunak, perak mengkilat, dan mempunyai titik leleh dan
kerapatan lebih tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-fisis-alkali-tanah.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-fisis-alkali-tanah.jpg?w=431&h=303&h=192" border="0" height="192" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.jpg" width="431" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Unsur-unsur logam alkali
tanah agak lebih keras, kekerasannya berkisar dari barium yang kira-kira sama
keras dengan timbal, sampai berilium yag cukup keras untuk menggores kebanyakan
logam lainnya. Golongan ini mempunyai struktur elektron yang sederhana,
unsur-unsur logam alkali tanah mempunyai 2 elektron yang relatif mudah
dilepaskan. Selain energi ionisasi yang relatif rendah, keelektronegatifan
rata-rata golongan ini juga rendah dikarenakan ukuran atomnya dan jarak yang
relatif besar antara elektron terluar dengan inti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2. Sifat Kimia Alkali Tanah</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-kimia-alkali-tanah.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://noviakimiapasca.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/sifat-kimia-alkali-tanah.jpg?w=546&h=346&h=282" border="0" height="282" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cuser%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.jpg" width="546" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anggota unsur alkali tanah adalah berelium
(Be), magnesium (Mg), kalsium (Ca), stronsium (Sr), barium (Ba), dan unsur
radioaktif radium (Ra). Di antara unsur-unsur ini Mg dan Ca yang terbanyak
terdapat di kerak bumi. Atom-atom golongan ini memiliki konfigurasi elektron
np6(n + 1)s2 kecuali Be. Kerapatan unsur-unsur golongan ini lebih besar dari
unsur alkali dalam satu periode.Unsur-unsur ini mempunyai dua elektron valensi
yang terlibat dalam ikatan logam.Oleh karena itu dibandingkan dengan unsur
golongan IA, unsurunsur ini lebih keras, energi kohesinya lebih besar, dan
titik lelehnya lebih tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik leleh unsur-unsur alkali tanah tidak
berubah secara teratur karena mempunyai struktur kristal yang berbeda. Misal
unsur Be dan Mg memiliki struktur kristal heksagonal terjejal, sedangkan
struktur kristal unsur Sr berbentuk kubus berpusat muka dan struktur kristal
unsur Ba berbentuk kubus berpusat badan.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sifat kimia unsur alkali tanah sama dengan
sifat kimia unsur alkali. Unsur alkali tanah terdapat dalam alam sebagai ion
dipositif (positif dua).Kalsium, stronsium, dan barium memiliki sifat yang
serupa, namun magnesium dan berelium berbeda dengan ketiga unsur tersebut yaitu
kurang aktif.Semua unsur alkali tanah merupakan penyumbang elektron.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Unsur alkali tanah tergolong reduktor yang
kuat.Unsur alkali tanah mudah bereaksi dengan unsur nonlogam membentuk senyawa
ion misal halida, hidrida, oksida, dan sulfida.Unsur alkali tanah, kecuali
berelium dan magnesium bereaksi dengan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Golongan IIIA (Boron)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. Boron</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Boron adalah unsur golongan IIIA dengan nomor atom lima.
Warna dari unsur boron adalah hitam. Boron memiliki sifat diantara logam dan
nonlogam (semimetalik). Boron lebih bersifat semikonduktor daripada sebuah
konduktor logam lainnya. Secara kimia boron berbeda dengan unsur- unsur satu
golongannya. Boron juga merupakan unsur metaloid dan banyak ditemukan dalam
bijih </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borax&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Borax (belum dibuat)"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">borax</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Ada dua </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alotrop&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alotrop (belum dibuat)"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">alotrop</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> boron; boron amorfus adalah serbuk coklat, tetapi boron
metalik berwarna hitam. Bentuk metaliknya keras (9,3 dalam skala Moh) dan
konduktor yang buruk dalam suhu kamar. Tidak pernah ditemukan bebas dalam alam.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<sub><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></sub><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><sub></sub>Ciri-ciri
optik unsur ini termasuklah penghantaran cahaya inframerah. Pada suhu piawai
boron adalah pengalir elektrik yang kurang baik, tetapi merupakan pengalir yang
baik pada suhu yang tinggi. Boron merupakan unsur yang kurang elektron dan
mempunyai p-orbital yang kosong. Ia bersifat elektrofilik. Sebagian boron
sering berkelakuan seperti asam Lewis yaitu siap untuk terikat dengan bahan
kaya elektron untuk memenuhi kecenderungan boron untuk mendapatkan elektron. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. Aluminium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium murni adalah logam berwarna putih keperakan
dengan banyak karakteristik yang diinginkan. Aluminium ringan, tidak beracun
(sebagai logam), nonmagnetik dan tidak memercik. Aluminium sangat lunak dan
kurang keras. Aluminium adalah logam aktif seperti yang ditunjukkan pada harga
potensial reduksinya dan tidak ditemukan dalam bentuk unsur di alam. Aluminium
adalah unsur ketiga terbanyak dalam kulit bumi, tetapi tidak ditemukan dalam
bentuk unsur bebas. Walaupun senyawa aluminium ditemukan paling banyak di alam,
selama bertahun-tahun tidak ditemukan cara yang ekonomis untuk memperoleh logam
aluminium dari senyawanya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">c. Galium </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium adalah suatu unsur kimia dalam tabel periodik yang
memiliki lambang Ga dan nomor atom 31. sebuah logam miskin yang jarang dan
lembut, galium merupakan benda padat yang mudah rapuh pada suhu rendah namun
mencair lebih lambat di atas suhu kamar dan akan melebur ditangan. Terbentuk
dalam jumlah sedikit di dalam bauksit dan bijih seng. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">d. Indium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium adalah logam yang jarang ditemukan, sangat lembut,
berwarna putih keperakan dan stabil di dalam udara dan air tetapi larut dalam
asam. Indium termasuk dalam logam miskin ( logam miskin atau logam
post-transisi adalah unsur logam dari blok p dari tabel periodik, terjadi
antara metalloid dan logam transisi, tetapi kurang dibanding dengan logam
alkali dan logam alkali tanah, titik leleh dan titik didihnya lebih rendah
dibanding dengan logam transisi dan mereka lebih lunak). Indium ditemukan dalam
bijih seng tertentu. Logam indium dapat menyala dan terbakar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">e. Thallium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thalium adalah unsur kimia dengan simbol Tl dan mempunyai
nomor atom 81. Thalium adalah logam yang lembut dan berwarna kelabu dan lunak
dan dapat dipotong dengan sebuah pisau. Thalium termasuk logam miskin. Thalium
kelihatannya seperti logam yang berkilauan tetapi ketika bersentuhan dengan
udara, thalium dengan cepat memudar menjadi warna kelabu kebiru-biruan yang
menyerupai timbal. Jika thalium berada di udara dalam jangka waktu yang lama
maka akan terbentuk lapisan oksida pada thalium. Jika thalium berada di air
maka akan terbentuk thalium hidroksida </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Unsur thalium dan senyawanya bersifat racun dan
penanganannya harus hati-hati. Thalium dapat menyebabkan kanker. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2.
Sifat Fisika Dari Unsur-Unsur Logam Utama Golongan IIIA.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. Boron</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Leleh : 2349 K (2076<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Didih : 4200 K (3927<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor peleburan : 5,59 kJ/mol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor penguapan : 254 kJ/mol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. Aluminium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Leleh : 933,47 K (660,32<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Didih : 2729 K (2519<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor peleburan : 10,71 kJ/mol <sup>-1</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor penguapan : 294,0 kJ/mol<sup>-1</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">c. Galium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Leleh : 302,91 K (29,76<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Didih : 2477 K (2204<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor peleburan : 5,59 kJ/mol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor penguapan : 254 kJ/mol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">d. Indium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Leleh : 429,75,47 K (156,60<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Didih : 2345 K (2072<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor peleburan : 3,281 kJ/mol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor penguapan : 231,8 kJ/mol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="DE" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">e. Thalium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Leleh : 577 K (304<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Titik Didih : 1746 K (1473<sup>0</sup>C)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor peleburan : 4,14 kJ/mol <sup>-1</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kalor penguapan :165 kJ/mol <sup>-1</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">3.
Cara Mendapatkan Unsur-Unsur Logam Utama Golongan IIIA.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. Boron</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sumber boron yang melimpah adalah borax (Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>
(OH)<sub>4</sub>.8 H<sub>2</sub>O) dan kernite (Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>5</sub>
(OH)<sub>4</sub>.2 H<sub>2</sub>O). Ini susah diperoleh dalam bentuk murni. Ini
dapat dibuat terus dengan reduksi oksidasi magnesium, B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.
Oksidasi ini dapat dibuat melalui pemanasan asam borik, B(OH)<sub>3</sub>, yang
diperoleh dari borax.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 Mg → 2B + 3 MgO</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Akan tetapi hasil ini sering kali dicemari dengan log<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1197694181286958398" name="_GoBack"></a>am borida (proses ini agak menakjubkan). Boron murni bisa
diperoleh dengan menurunkan halogenida boron yang mudah menguap dengan hidrogen
pada suhu tinggi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. Aluminium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium adalah barang tambang yang didapat dalam
skala besar sebagai bauksit (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. 2H<sub>2</sub>O).
Bauksit mengandung Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, SiO<sub>2</sub>, dan zat
pengotor lainnya. Maka untuk dapat memisahkan aluminium murni dari bentuk
senyawanya, zat-zat pengotor ini harus dipisahkan dari bauksit. Ini dilakukan
dengan proses Bayer. Ini meliputi dengan penambahan larutan natrium hidroksida
(NaOH) yang menghasilkan larutan natrium alumina dan natrium silikat. Besi
merupakan sisa sampingan yang didapat dalam bentuk padatan. Ketika CO<sub>2</sub>
dialirkan terus menghasilkan larutan, natrium silikat tinggal di dalam larutan
sementara aluminium diendapkan sebagai aluminium hidroksida. Hidroksida dapat
disaring, dicuci dan dipanaskan membentuk alumina murni, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Langkah selanjutnya adalah pembentukan aluminium
murni. Ini diperoleh dari Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> melalui metode
elektrolisis. Elektrolisis ini dilakukan karena aluminium bersifat
elektropositif. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">c. Ghalium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ghalium biasanya adalah hasil dari proses pembuatan
aluminium. Pemurnian bauksit melalui proses Bayer menghasilkan konsentrasi
ghalium pada larutan alkali dari sebuah aluminium. Elektrolisis menggunakan
sebuah elektroda merkuri yang memberikan konsentrasi lebih lanjut dan
elektrolisis lebih lanjut menggunakan katoda baja tahan karat dari hasil
natrium gallat menghasilkan logam galium cair. Galium murni membutuhkan
sejumlah proses akhir lebih lanjut dengan zona penyaringan untuk membuat logam
galium murni.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">d. Indium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium biasanya tidak dibuat di dalam laboratorium.
Indium adalah hasil dari pembentukan timbal dan seng. Logam indium dihasilkan
melalui proses elektrolisis garam indium di dalam air. Proses lebih lanjut
dibutuhkan untuk membuat aluminium murni dengan tujuan elektronik. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">e. Thalium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Logam thalium diperoleh sebagai produk pada produksi asam
belerang dengan pembakaran pyrite dan juga pada peleburan timbal dan bijih besi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Walaupun logam thalium agak melimpah pada kulit bumi pada
taksiran konsentrasi 0,7 mg/kg, kebanyakan pada gabungan mineral potasium pada
tanah liat, tanah dan granit. Sumber utama thalium ditemukan pada tembaga,
timbal, seng dan bijih sulfida lainnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Logam thalium ditemukan pada mineral crookesite TlCu<sub>7</sub>Se<sub>4</sub>,
hutchinsonite TlPbAs<sub>5</sub>S<sub>9</sub> dan lorandite TlAsS<sub>2</sub>.
Logam ini juga dapat ditemukan pada pyrite.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">4.
Senyawa-Senyawa Dari Unsur-Unsur Logam Utama Golongan IIIA.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. Boron</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada bagian ini kita akan membahas beberapa persenyawaan
boron dengan halogen ( yang disebut sebagai halida), dengan </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">oksigen (yang dikenal dengan oksida), dengan hidrogen
(yang dikenal dengan hidrida) dan beberapa senyawa boron lainnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk setiap senyawa, bilangan oksidasi boron sudah
diberikan, tetapi bilangan oksidasi tersebut kurang berguna untuk unsur-unsur
blok p khususnya. Tetapi umumnya dari senyawa boron yang terbentuk, bilangan
oksidasinya adalah tiga ( 3 ).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hidrida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Istilah hidrida digunakan untuk mengindikasikan senyawa
dengan jenis M<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/diborane.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diborane
(6)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/decaborane_14.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Decaborane
(14)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/hexaborane_10.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hexaborane
(10)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/pentaborane_9.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pentaborane
(9)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/pentaborane_11.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pentaborane
(11)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/tetraborane_10.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tetraborane
(10)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Flourida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa –senyawa boron yang terbentuk dengan flourida
adalah sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/boron_trifluoride.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Boron
trifluoride</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: BF<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/diboron_tetrafluoride.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diboron
tetrafluoride</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Klorida</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/boron_trichloride.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Boron trichloride</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">:
BCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.webelements.com/compounds/boron/diboron_tetrachloride.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diboron tetrachloride</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">: B<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nitrida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ketika
boron dipanaskan dengan unsur nitrogen, hasilnya adalah senyawa putih padatan
dengan bentuk empiris BN yang disebut dengan nama boron nitrida. Beberapa
alasan yang menarik tentang boron nitrida adalah kemiripan strukturnya dengan
grafit. Pada tekanan tinggi, boron nitride berubah menjadi lebih padat, lebih
keras ( kekerasannya mendekati intan). Nitrida juga berperan sebagai penghambat
elektrik tetapi mengalirkan haba (kalor) seperti logam. Unsur ini juga
mempunyai sifat pelincir sama seperti grafit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">b.
Aluminium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nitrida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium Nitrida (AlN)
dapat dibuat dari unsur-unsur pada suhu 800<sup>0</sup> C. Itu dihidrolisis
dengan air membentuk ammonia dan aluminium hidroksida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium Hidrida </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium hidrida (AlH<sub>3</sub>)n
dapat dihasilkan dari trimetilaluminium dan kelebihan hydrogen. Ini dibakar
secara meledak pada udara.Aluminium hidrida dapat juga dibuat dari reaksi
aluminium klorida pada litium klorida pada larutan eter, tetapi tidak dapat
diisolasi bebas dari pelarut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium oksida</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium oksida (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)
dapat dibuat dengan pembakaran oksigen atau pemanasan hidroksida,nitrat atau
sulfat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada
unsur halogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- aluminium iodida : AlI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- aluminium flourida : AlF<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">c.
Galium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada unsur halogen
membentuk :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Galium triklorida :
GaCl<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Galium (III)
bromida GaBr<sub>3</sub>: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Galium (III) iodida : GaI<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Galium (III)
flourida : GaF<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium (II) selenida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium (II) sulfida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium (II) tellurida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium (III) tellurida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium (III) selenida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium (III) arsenida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">d. Indium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa –senyawa indium
jarang ditemukan oleh manusia.Semua senyawa indium </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">seharusnya dipandang sebagai racun. Senyawa –senyawa
indium dapat merusak hati, ginjal dan jantung.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada unsur halogen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Indium (I) Bromida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Indium (III) Bromida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Indium (III) Klorida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">- Indium (III)
Flourida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium (III) Sulfat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium (III) Sulfida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium (III) Selenida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium (III) Phosfida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium (III) Nitrida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium (III) Oksida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">e.
Thalium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa thalium pada
flourida : TlF, TlF<sub>3</sub>, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa thalium pada
klorida : TlCl, Tl,Cl<sub>2</sub>, Tl,Cl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa thalium pada
bromida : TlBr, Tl<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa thalium pada iodida : TlI, TlI<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa thalium pada oksida : Tl<sub>2</sub>O, Tl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa thalium pada sulfida : Tl<sub>2</sub>S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Senyawa thalium pada selenida : Tl<sub>2</sub>Se</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">5. Reaksi-Reaksi Dari
Unsur-Unsur Logam Utama Golongan IIIA.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a.
Boron</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi boron dengan udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kemampuan
boron bereaks</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">i dengan udara
bergantung pada kekristalan sampel tersebut, suhu, ukuran partikel, dan
kemurniannya. Boron tidak bereaksi dengan udara pada suhu kamar. Pada
temperatur tinggi, boron terbakar membentuk boron (III) Oksida, B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">4B + 3O<sub>2(g)</sub></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">→ 2 B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi boron dengan air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Boron
tidak bereaksi dengan air pada kondisi normal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi boron dengan halogen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Boron
bereaksi dengan hebat pada unsur –unsur halogen seperti flourin (F<sub>2</sub>),
klorin (Cl<sub>2</sub>), bromine (Br<sub>2</sub>), membentuk trihalida menjadi
boron (III) flourida, boron (III) bromida, boron (III) klorida.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2B <sub>(s)</sub> + 3F<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 BF<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2B <sub>(s)</sub>
+ 3Cl<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 BCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2B <sub>(s)</sub>
+ 3Br<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 BBr<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi boron dengan asam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kristal boron tidak
bereaksi dengan pemanasan asam hidroklorida (HCl) atau pemanasan asam
hidroflourida (HF).Boron dalam bentuk serbuk mengoksidasi dengan lambat ketika
ditambahkan dengan asam nitrat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. Aluminium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi aluminium dengan
udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium adalah logam
berwarna putih keperakan.Permukaan logam aluminium dilapisi dengan lapisan
oksida yang membantunya melindungi logam agar tahan terhadap udara.Jadi,
aluminium tidak bereaksi dengan udara.Jika lapisan oksida rusak, logam
aluminium bereaksi untuk menyerang (bertahan). Aluminium akan terbakar dalam
oksigen dengan nyala api, membentuk aluminium (III) oksida Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">4Al
<sub>(s)</sub> + 3O<sub>2(l )</sub> → 2 Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi aluminium dengan air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium adalah logam berwarna putih keperakan.
Permukaan logam aluminium dilapisi dengan lapisan oksida yang membantunya
melindungi logam agar tahan terhadap udara. Hal serupa juga terjadi pada reaksi
aluminium dengan air.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi aluminium dengan halogen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium
bereaksi dengan hebat pada unsur –unsur halogen seperti iodin (I<sub>2</sub>),
klorin (Cl<sub>2</sub>), bromine (Br<sub>2</sub>), membentuk aluminium halida
menjadi aluminium (III) iodida, aluminium (III) bromida, aluminium (III)
klorida.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2Al <sub>(s)</sub> + 3I<sub>2(l)</sub> → 2 Al<sub>2</sub>I<sub>6(s)</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2Al <sub>(s)</sub> + 3Cl<sub>2(l)</sub> → 2 Al<sub>2</sub>
Cl<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2Al <sub>(s)</sub> + 3Br<sub>2(l)</sub> → 2 Al<sub>2</sub>
Br<sub>6</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi aluminium dengan
asam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Logam aluminium larut
dengan asam sulfur membentuk larutan yang mengandung ion Al (III) bersama
dengan gas hydrogen. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2Al <sub>(s)</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq)</sub>
→ 2Al <sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 2SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ 3H<sub>2 (g)</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2Al <sub>(s)</sub> + 6HCl <sub>(aq)</sub> → 2Al <sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>
+ 6Cl<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 3H<sub>2 (g)</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi aluminium dengan
basa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium
larut dengan natrium hidroksida.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2Al <sub>(s)</sub> + 2 NaOH <sub>(aq)</sub> + 6 H<sub>2</sub>O
→ 2Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 2 [Al (OH)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-</sup> + 3H<sub>2
(g)</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">c.
Galium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi galium dengan asam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
+ 6 H<sup>+</sup> → 2 Ga<sup>3+</sup> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ga
(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub></sub><sup>+</sup> → Ga<sup>3+</sup> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi galium dengan basa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
+ 2 OH<sup>-</sup> → 2 Ga(OH)<sub>4</sub><sub></sub><sup>-</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ga
(OH)<sub>3</sub> + OH<sup>-</sup> → Ga(OH)<sub>4</sub><sub></sub><sup>-</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">d. Indium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi indium dengan udara</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">In<sup>3+</sup> + O<sub>2</sub> → In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi indium dengan asam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium bereaksi dengan HNO<sub>3</sub> 15 M</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">In<sup>3+</sup> + 3HNO<sub>3</sub> → In(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
+ 3H<sup>+</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium juga bereaksi dengan HCl 6M </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">In<sup>3+</sup> + 3HCl → InCl<sub>3</sub> + 3H<sup>+</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">e. Thalium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi talium dengan udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Potongan logam thalium yang
segar akan memudar dengan lambat memberikan lapisan oksida kelabu yang
melindungi sisa logam dari pengokdasian lebih lanjut. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2
Tl <sub>(s)</sub> + O<sub>2(g)</sub></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">→
Tl<sub>2</sub>O</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi thalium dengan air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thalium kelihatannya tidak bereaksi dengan air. Logam
thalium memudar dengan lambat dalam air basah atau larut dalam air menghasilkan
racun thalium (I) hidroksida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2 Tl <sub>(s)</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O <sub>(l)</sub> →
2 TlOH <sub>(aq)</sub> + H<sub>2(g)</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi thalium dengan halogen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Logam
thalium bereaksi dengan hebat dengan unsur-unsur halogen seperti flourin (F<sub>2</sub>),
klorin (Cl<sub>2</sub>), dan bromin (Br<sub>2</sub>) membentuk thalium (III)
flourida, thalium (III) klorida, dan thalium (III) bromida. Semua senyawa ini
bersifat racun.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2 Tl <sub>(s)</sub> + 3 F<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 TiF<sub>3(s)</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2
Tl <sub>(s)</sub> + 3 Cl<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 TiCl<sub>3(s)</sub></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">2 Tl <sub>(s)</sub> + 3 Br<sub>2(g)</sub> → 2 TiBr<sub>3(s)</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reaksi thalium dengan asam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thalium larut dengan lambat pada asam sulfat atau asam
klorida (HCl) karena racun garam talium yang dihasilkan tidak larut. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">6.
Kegunaan Unsur-Unsur Logam Utama Golongan III A.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. Kegunaan unsur boron</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Natrium tetraborat pentaidrat (Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>.
5H<sub>2</sub>O) yang digunakan<sub></sub> dalam menghasilkan kaca gentian
penebat dan peluntur natrium perborat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Asam ortoborik (H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>) atau
asam Borik yang digunakan dalam penghasilan textil kaca gentian dan paparan
panel rata.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Natrium tetraborat dekahidrat (Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub>.
10H<sub>2</sub>O) atau yang dikenal dengan nama boras digunakan dalam
penghasilan pelekat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Asam Borik belum lama ini digunakan sebagai racun
serangga, terutamannya menentang semut atau lipas.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebagian boron digunakan secara meluas dalam síntesis
organik dalam pembuatan kaca borosilikat dan borofosfosilikat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Boron-10 juga digunakan untuk membantu dalam pengawalan
reactor nuklir, sejenis pelindung daripada sinaran dan dalam pengesanan
neutron.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Boron-11 yang dipatenkan (boron susut) digunakan dalam pembuatan
kaca borosilikat dalam bidang elektronik pengerasan sinaran.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Filamen boron adalah bahan berkekuatan tinggi dan ringan
yang biasanya digunakan dalam struktur aeroangkasa maju sebagai componen bahan
komposit.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Natrium borohidrida (NaBH<sub>4</sub>) ialah agen penurun
kimia yang popular digunakan untuk menurunkan aldehid dan keton menjadi
alcohol.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. Kegunaan unsur aluminium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium digunakan pada otomobil, pesawat terbang,
truck, rel kereta api, kapal laut, sepeda.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pengemasan (kaleng, foil)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bidang konstruksi ( jendela, pintu, dll)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada perlengkapan memasak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aluminium digunakan pada produksi jam tangan karena
aluminium memberikan daya tahan dan menahan pemudaran dan korosi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">c. Kegunaan unsur galium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Karena galium membasahi gelas dan porselin, maka galium
dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan cermin yang cemerlang.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium dengan mudah bercampur dengan kebanyakan logam dan
digunakan sebagai komponen dalam campuran peleburan yang rendah. Plutonium
digunakan pada senjata nuklir yang dioperasikan dengan campuran dengan galium
untuk menstabilisasikan allotrop plutonium.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium arsenida digunakan sebagai semikonduktor terutama
dalam dioda pemancar cahaya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Galium juga digunakan pada beberapa termometer
bertemperatur tinggi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">d. Kegunaan unsur indium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium digunakan untuk membuat komponen elektronik
lainnya thermistor dan fotokonduktor</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium dapat digunakan untuk membuat cermin yang memantul
seperti cermin perak dan tidak cepat pudar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium digunakan untuk mendorong germanium untuk membuat
transistor.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium dalam jumlah kecil digunakan pada peralatan yang
berhubungan dengan gigi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Indium digunakan pada LED (Light Emitting Diode) dan
laser dioda berdasarkan senyawa semikonduktor seperti InGaN, InGaP yang dibuat
oleh MOVPE (Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy) teknologi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam energi nuklir, reaksi (n,n<sup>’</sup>) dari <sup>113</sup>In
dan <sup>115</sup> In digunakan untuk menghilangkan jarak fluks neutron.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">e. Kegunaan unsur thalium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Digunakan sebagai bahan semikonduktor pada selenium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Digunakan sebagai dopant ( meningkatkan) kristal natrium
iodida pada peralatan deteksi radiasi gamma seperti pada kilauan alat
pendeteksi barang pada mesin hitung di supermarket.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Radioaktif thalium-201 (waktu paruh 73 jam) digunakan
untuk kegunaan diagnosa pada pengobatan inti.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jika thalium digabungkan dengan belerang, selenium dan
arsen, thalium digunakan pada produksi gelas dengan kepadatan yang tinggi yang
memiliki titik lebur yang rendah dengan jarak 125 dan 150<sup>0</sup> C.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thalium digunakan pada elektroda dan larut pada
penganalisaan oksigen.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thalium juga digunakan pada pendeteksi inframerah.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thalium adalah racun dan digunakan pada racun tikus dan
insektisida, tetapi penggunaannya dilarang oleh banyak negara.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">· </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Garam-garam Thalium (III) seperti thalium trinitrat,
thalium triasetat adalah reagen yang berguna pada sintesis organic yang
menunjukkan perbedaan perubahan bentuk pada senyawa aromatik, keton dan yang
lainnya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
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